Chiropractic History Time Line
by Dr. Gary Farr on 17 April 2002

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Part 1 of 7 - 1845 - 1895

Part 1 of 7 - 1845 - 1895 We're going to go back.. way back to 1845 when Chiropractic's founder, D.D. Palmer was born. Follow the progression of "Old Dad Chiro", as he was known,  and his son, B.J. Palmer and see how these two great minds changed the face of health care. How could it be that two of the greatest minds could be jailed as a result of the American Medical Association's covert activities? How could it occur that even the courts of our great country agreed to do such a thing? Follow the chilling details as we unravel what is an unprecedented account of this, the largest drugless healing profession on the planet. While the profession has "grown up" dramatically, you'll discover that the philosophical basis of Chiropractic still holds true today. . . May you learn from history . . . Daniel David Palmer Chiropractic's Founder 1845 — 1913 Bartlett Joshua Palmer Chiropractic's Developer 1881 — 1961 Welcome to the Chiropractic Time Line. These pages will guide you through a complete history of Chiropractic with important dates in the evolution of the history of this profession. The first recorded chiropractic adjustment was performed on September 18,1895, by Dr. Daniel David Palmer, a Canadian-born teacher and heater. Dr. Palmer was, at the time, studying the cause and effect of disease. His patient was Harvey Lillard, a janitor working in the same building as Dr. Palmer in Davenport, Iowa. Mr. Lillard, who had complained of hearing problems for over 17 years, allowed Dr. Palmer to examine his spine. Dr. Palmer discovered a "lump" on Mr. Lillard's back and suspected that a vertebra might be out of place. With an admittedly unrefined, even crude technique, Dr. Palmer repositioned the vertebra with a gentle thrust. After several such treatments, much of Mr. Lillard's hearing was restored. This dramatic beginning caused much excitement, and soon exaggerated claims surfaced from activists and chiropractic zealots. Even Dr. Palmer himself thought at first that he had discovered a cure for deafness. As these "miracle" stories became common place, the controversy surrounding chiropractic began. Because chiropractic challenged the traditional medical concept of health at the time, a campaign was begun to discredit and eliminate the profession. This campaign is in some respects still active today. One of Dr. Palmer's patients, a minister, is credited with attaching the name "chiropractic" to the art and science of manipulation. He took the Greek words for "hand" (cheiros) and "done by" (pracktos) and put them together to spell chiropractic, meaning "done by the hand." Through the end of World War 11, chiropractic became truly controversial under the primary leadership of Bartlett J. Palmer (B.J. Palmer), the son of the profession's founder. He administrated the largest chiropractic college at that time, owned radio and TV stations, traveled extensively, and even hosted three U.S. Presidents - Coolidge, Hoover and Truman - at his home. Regardless of how history will judge B.J. Palmer, of this one can be certain - without B.J. Palmer, chiropractic would most certainly not have survived the early ruthless attempts to discredit its healing ability. And survive it did. Chiropractic has rapidly grown to be second only to medicine as the largest primary health care provider in the western world. Palmer College of Chiropractic in Davenport, Iowa, grew from 24 students in 1906 to 3,100 in 1923. Today, there are more than 23 chiropractic institutions throughout the world, including colleges in the United States, Australia, Japan, England and Canada. Current enrollment at chiropractic institutions now exceeds 10,000 enthusiastic and dedicated students. Since Dr. Palmer's first primitive chiropractic adjustment, the art and science of chiropractic has progressed significantly. Today, advanced diagnostic procedures, sophisticated equipment, scientific research, and the growing acceptance among other health care professionals makes chiropractic a popular health care choice. Enjoy this chronology of events as we present you what is now the largest, drugless, natural health care field in existence . . . 1845 DD Palmer says: I was born on March 7, 1845, a few miles east of Toronto, Canada. My ancestors were Scotch and Irish on my maternal and English and German on my paternal side. When my grandparents settled near the now beautiful city of Toronto, there was but one log house, the beginning of that great city. That region was then known as “away out west.” 1845 - 1865 From residents of Port Perry: We have learned that “Dan” was “a keen youth - a big, strong, husky country boy, popular with every one,” constantly seeking knowledge about anything and everything, but singularly interested in anatomy. That interest he showed in collecting bones of animals. All who knew him describe him as a hearty, merry boy who exhibited, even in childhood, evidences of an exceptional mind. Daniel Palmer’s paternal ancestors came to this continent from England, and settled in New York State. His grandfather, Stephen Palmer, emigrated to what was then known as Canada West, now the Province of Ontario, where Daniel’s father, Thomas Palmer, was born in 1824. Thomas Palmer was a shoemaker, later a grocer. Publicly, he served his community as a school director and as Postmaster. He and his wife, who had been Catherine McVay, had three sons and three daughters. The sons, besides Daniel, were Thomas J. and Bartlett D. Palmer. The daughters were Lucinda Mariah, Hanna Jane and Catherine. The great Civil War in the United States caused hard times in Canada, when men fleeing from the army draft overran the Canadian labor market. When Daniel Palmer was twenty, he and his brother, Thomas J. decided to seek their fortunes south of the International line and so, with their belongings packed in a carpet bag, and with $2.00 borrowed from friends - according to Thomas J. Palmer’s Autobiography - they struck out on April 3, 1865. They walked 18 miles, to the town of Whitby. There the trail is lost, temporarily. We are told by Thomas J., however, that they reached Buffalo in one month and there spent their last penny for passage to Detroit. On arrival, they slept on grain sacks on a pier, breakfasted on a persimmon which they found and went job hunting, which evidently brought prompt results. Their next stop was Chicago and there they contrived, in some way, to get permission from the commander of a military train to ride with his troops to Davenport, Iowa. There, as you know, Chiropractic was discovered and Chiropractic history was made... 1865 According to DD (Palmer, 1908, p. 14): The rebellion in the United States made work scarce and wages low in Canada. In the spring of 1865 he and his brother T.J., now Post Master at Medford, Okla., worked their way west to the Mississippi River. The next 20 years were engaged in school teaching, raising fruit and honey, and the grocery business. About the age of 40 he commenced the practice of Magnetic healing, which he made a success. He was not content with any of the many explanations in regard to the cause of disease, and continually asked himself and others, why one person had a certain ailment, and another similarly situated did not. 1876 1876: "Dr. Jas. R. Drain visits D.D. Palmer's neighbors in his old home town of What Cheer, Iowa - Where he is still remembered as a man among men" (Drain, 1949, p. 691); see also "A store Building formerly used by D.D. Palmer as a store and residence in What Cheer, Iowa" (Drain, 1949, p. 692) 1880 DD's daughter Jessie is born in What Cheer IA (Rehm, 1980, p. 271) US Census for New Boston IL lists D.D. Palmer as “Bee Cul’st -- Honey for sale”; gives his nativity as “Canada West” and that he arrived (in New Boston?) in 1870; info courtesty of New Boston Museum (Zdrazil & Brown, 1997) 1882 BJ Palmer is born in What Cheer (Rehm, 1980, p. 271; Gielow, 1981, p. 32) 1884 DD's wife Louvenia dies in Letts IA, where DD was teaching school (Gielow, 1981, p. 32) 1885 DD's wife, LaVinia, dies (Rehm, 1980, p. 271) DD begins career as magnetic healer in Burlington, then Davenport IA on 4th floor of Ryan building at corner of Second and Brady Streets (Rehm, 1980, p. 271; Palmer, 1967, p.5) 1885 - 1895 DD says (Palmer, 1910, pp. 17-8): I was a magnetic healer for nine years previous to discovering the principles which comprise the method know as chiropractic. During this period much of that which was necessary to complete the science was worked out. I had discovered that many diseases were associated with derangements of the stomach, kidneys and other organs... One question was always uppermost in my mind in my search for the cause of disease. I desired to know why one person was ailing and his associate, eating at the same table, working in the same shop, at the same bench, was not Why? What difference was there in the two persons that caused one to have pneumonia, catarrh, typhoid or rheumatism, while his partner, similarly situated, escaped? Why? This question had worried thousands for centuries and was answered in September, 1895. -but see Palmer (1910, p. 159) for different date of start of practice in Davenport (i.e., 1886) 1888 (Jan 15): (Important Announcement. The Chiropractor 1905 [May]; 1[6]:1): D.D. Palmer, the founder of the Chiropractic science, came to Davenport January 15, 1888. He rented three rooms in the Ryan block. In a few months he added two more. It was not long before he was using eight rooms. In 1892, his business had so increased that he had use for eighteen rooms. These were on the second and third floor. He exchanged these for twenty on the front half of the fourth floor. Business continued to increase until he occupied the entire floor of forty rooms, making over seventeen years in the same building. 1888 - 1889 Stone’s Davenport City Directory (p. 15): DR. PALMER Magnetic Healer CURES DISEASES WITHOUT MEDICINE Rooms 7, 11, 12 and 13, Ryan Block, DAVENPORT, IOWA Was treated in August 1888 Quincy, Ill., Jan. 5th, 1891 Dr. D.D. Palmer, Davenport, Iowa. Dear Sir: I am pleased to say that my wife whom you treated, over two years ago, for rheumatism in her back has had no return of it since. For many years we tried medicines and several physicians without any benefit and had given up all hopes until after your seven treatments over two years ago. Since that time she has had the best of health and often speaks of your treatments as being the only remedy that ever did her any good. Yours most respectfully, H.N. Stone H.N. Stone & Co., Publishers of Directory Send 25 cents fo “The Educator” for one year. It gives hundreds of cures and also his methods of healing the sick. 1895 It was there, along the lush banks of the Mississippi River, amidst the wagons and buggies of late 19th century Davenport, that chiropractic was born on September 18, 1895. For it was on this day that D.D. Palmer made the first chiropractic adjustment on a janitor who worked in his office building. On September 18, 1995, along the lush banks of the Mississippi River, amidst the wagons and buggies of late 19th century Davenport, Iowa, chiropractic was born. David Daniel Palmer had opened an office, devoted to magnetic healing, in 1887. In Palmer's building, was a janitorial service, owned by Harvey Lillard. Lillard, who had been deaf for 17 years, was asked by Palmer how he had become deaf. Lillard replied that one day, when he had strained his back, he heard something "pop" in his back. Palmer examined Lillard's back and found a spinal vertebrae out of position. Reasoning that this was the cause of Lillard's deafness, Palmer thrust the vertebrae back into place. And, as he expected, Lillard's hearing improved. Palmer was sure he was on to something. He began developing a theory of what he later called "chiropractic", meaning "done by hand". Palmer theorized that decreased nerve flow may be the cause of disease, and that misplaced spinal vertebrae may cause pressure on the nerves. Thus, he reasoned, if the spinal column were correctly positioned, the body would be healthy. Palmer decided to open a chiropractic school in 1897. By 1902, 15 people had graduated from the Palmer Infirmary and Chiropractic Institute, which was renamed the Palmer School of Chiropractic (PSC) in 1907. One of these graduates was Palmer's son, Bartlett Joshua (B.J.) Palmer, DC, who would become as memorable a figure in chiropractic history as his father. D.D. began some travels to the West Coast, and little by little, B.J. took over running the daily activities of the school. He returned to Davenport by 1906, when he had to deal with some legal problems. Just as early medical doctors were not licensed by the government, neither were early chiropractors. These early chiropractors faced legal roadblocks until licensing legislation began passing in various states. However, the writing was on the wall, and the groundwork was laid, for the battle which was to face this young profession for years to come.    (Sept 18): "On September 18, 1895, Harvey Lillard called upon Dr. Palmer" (The Chiropractor, 1904, p. 11)   DEAF SEVENTEEN YEARS I was deaf 17 years and I expected to always remain so, for I had doctored a great deal without any benefit. I had long ago made up my mind to not take any more ear treatments, for it did me no good. Last January Dr. Palmer told me that my deafness came from an injury in my spine. This was new to me; but it is a fact that my back was injured at the time I went deaf. Dr. Palmer treated me on the spine; in two treatments I could hear quite well. That was eight months ago. My hearing remains good. HARVEY LILLARD, 320 W. Eleventh St., Davenport, Iowa   Much of this information was obtained from Joseph C. Keating, Jr., Ph.D from the Chiropractic History Archives.

Part 2 of 7 - 1896 - 1904

Part 2 of 7 - 1896 - 1904 Adjusting is an art, not a science. A person may be able to adjust vertebrae, many do so, without any scientific knowledge of the reason for doing so. They learn it as an art; they know how, but not why. The art of adjusting should be guided by scientific knowledge.. D.D. Palmer, 1910 Daniel David Palmer Chiropractic's Founder 1845 — 1913 Bartlett Joshua Palmer Chiropractic's Developer 1881 — 1961 1896 According to Harvey Lillard's testimonial in the January, 1897 issue (p. 3) of The Chiropractic, he didn't learn of Palmer's new science until January of 1896, and received two treatments for his deafness between January and April of 1896 1896 (Jun): DD obtains Iowa corporate charter for the Palmer School of Magnetic Cure (Zarbuck, 1988c) 1896 (June 17): Palmer applies for corporate charter of Palmer's School of Magnetic Cure (Wiese, 1986) 1896 (July 10): DD incorporates the Chiropractic School & Infirmary (Zarbuck, 1988c) 1896 (July 10): Palmer is granted a corporate charter for Palmer's School of Magnetic Cure (Wiese, 1986) 1897 - 1902 From 1897 through 1902, DD Palmer's writing reflect "the man-machine metaphor. At this early state of theoretical developement of chiropractic, Palmer believed that the friction, vibration and heat that produced inflammation could derive from any type of displaced anatomy, not just bone impingements on the nervous system. Still, the founder of osteopathy, employed the same man-machine metaphor: "The human body is a machine run by the unseen force called life, and that it may be run harmoniously it is necessary that there be liberty of blood, nerves and arteries from their generating point to their destination". "Our healing is done entirely by the hands; there are no drugs used; you can eat or drink what you please within reason. We use no electrical batteries, no instruments. Any one can step into our treating rooms. There you will see in each a table, two stools, and the magnetic manipulator...By having a knowledge of the anatomy of the human machine we can locate the exact spot where the wrong is which causes the trouble. Disease is only a result of inharmony, something wrong" (Palmer, 1897a, p. 3), "I have taken lessons and studied Christian Science, Faith Cure, Mind Cure, Metaphysics, Magnetic and Osteopathy, therefore I am acquainted with each and know their differences. Any of them are better than drugging..." (Palmer, 1899, p. 1). 1902 Also by 1902, the magnetic manipulator of 1897 has become a "chiropractic manipulator". "....We don't look for an imaginary something and then try experimental specifics. We find displacements which obstruct natural functions. The medic doesn't look for obstructions but uses his damnable drugs to deaden and stupefy the action of the whole system of secretion and excretion and thereby obstructs action of all the vital channels....A human being should be examined at least once a year, and if any part is found out of place adjust it, and use as much good sense in doing so as you would in repairing a watch, an organ or a steam engine..." (8, p. 2).   The turn of the century was a time of rapid change in health care as alternatives to traditional allopathic medicine arose, including chiropractic and osteopathy. What first emerged from these changes was confusion. As it happened with the early days of medicine, early chiropractors were not officially licensed by the government; chiropractors simply opened practices after graduating from chiropractic schools. By that time, however, medical doctors were required to have licenses. This discrepancy caused continual problems for chiropractors throughout the first half of the 20th century. In 1906, as D.D. returned to Davenport, he and other chiropractors were the first of hundreds of chiropractors convicted of practicing medicine without a license. He served 23 days of a 105-day sentence, then paid a $350 fine to be released. A year later, one of Palmer's former students, Shegataro Morikubo, DC, was arrested in Wisconsin for practicing medicine, surgery and osteopathy without a license. However, in a landmark decision, the judge and jury agreed that Morikubo was not practicing medicine, surgery and osteopathy. Rather, he was practicing something different - chiropractic. 1902 (Jun 28): DD arrives to live at 237 Marengo Ave. Pasadena CA (Zarbuck & Hayes, 1990)   1902 (Aug 2): DD puts ads in several Pasadena CA newspapers (Zarbuck & Hayes, 1990)   1902 (Sept 20, Friday): Pasadena Evening Star (p. 1) publishes [in papers from RB Jackson]: DR. D.D. PALMER UNDER ARREST: Charged With Practicing Without a License   Mrs. Hayues of Sierra Madre Files Complaint as Result of Palmer’s Treatment of Her Husband, Now Diseased -Palmer “Removes the Cause.”   D.D. Palmer of North Marengo Avenue appeared before Judge H.H. Klamroth in the city polic court this morning under a warrant issued on complaint of Mrs. Mattie I. Hayes of Sierra Madre, charging him with practicing medicine without a license. The warrant is said to have been issued at the instance of the district attorney’s office. The defendant appeared with State Senator C.M. Simpson as his counsel, who entered a plea of not guilty and secured a continuance of the case until October 4, at 9:30 o’clock. He reserved the right to ask for a jury trial in the interim. Palmer and the invalid finally came together, and it is said that Palmer made several visits to the Sierra Madre home, after having brought Mr. Hayes to believe that his disease actually could be cured. The doctor and patient would lock themselves in a room and refuse Mrs. Hayes admittance. After the doctor’s first visit the patient seemed better; but after the second there was a marked decline and soon the patient was in bed and finally he died, September 18. It is said that Mrs. Hayes suceeded in looking into the room during one of the doctor’s visits, and saw her husband upon the floor with Palmer upon him thumping and generally maltreating him. This was explained by Palmer on the ground that all disease results from trouble with the spine and that the treament was necessary to remove the cause. Following her husband’s death, Mrs. Hayes treatment by the “chiropractic,” who claims to be the discoverer of his method, which in this case is alleged to have been of a drastic nature. It was said the patient was beaten or manipulated by the practitioner’s hands until he cried out in pain, enfeebled as he was.   MAY NOW BE REARRESTED Judge McKinley and Senator Simpson Both in Court to Defend Him on Charge of Practicing Medicine Without a License The case of the people against Dr. D.D. Palmer of 327 North Marengo avenue came to an unexpected conclusion before Judge Klamroth this morning, though it seems probable that the end of the matter is not yet. Dr. Palmer, the “chiropractic,” was charged with the practice of medicine without a license, the prosecution growing out of the death of George T. Hayes of Sierra Madre. This morning the case was set for trial and a jury was to be chosen. General Johnston Jones appeared for the district attorney’s office, while Senator Simpson and Judge McKinley represented the defendant. The latter was present accompanied by members of his family and friends, who between them brought several large baskets of books which were evidently expected to figure in the case. The court proceeded with the selection of a jury and several ?talesmen? were accepted were accepted and others dismissed, when General Jones announced that he preferred not to proceed further in the prosecution. He said he had discovered that the complaint had been drawn under the old statute instead of that now governing such procedures. Judge Klamroth consequently discharged the defendant from custody. It is understood that a new complaint will be ?pled? in a few days and prosecution recommended. It is said that th defective complaint was drawn by Deputy District Attorney Willis, who has a reputation for drawing ?sureet? complaints in the county. It was apparent from the array of legal talent that the doctor intends to make a strenuous fight.   (Oct 4): DD's hearing results in dismissal of charges; DD sends telegram to BJ (Zarbuck & Hayes, 1990) Standing, left to right: E.E. Sutton (1901), BJ (1902), O.B. Jones (1900), Solon M. Langworthy (1901); seated, left to right: Oakley G. Smith (1899), Old Dad Chiro, Thomas H. Storey (1901); this photograph first appeared in the February, 1905 issue of The Chiropractor.   1903 In 1903, a turning point occurred in chiropractic theory. D.D. Palmer's determination of the supremacy of the nervous system is marked by "discovery." This discovery supposedly precipitated a narrowing of theory: from displacement of any body part (including circulatory obstruction) to an exclusive concern for the integrity of neural function. According to the account in The Chiropractor, which may have been composed by BJ Palmer: "It will be of interest to "The Chiropractor" reader to learn how Dr. D.D. Palmer discovered that the body is heat by nerves, and not by blood. "In the afternoon of July 1, 1903, in suite 15 of the Aiken block, Santa Barbara, Cal., D.D. Palmer was holding a clinic. The patient was Roy Renwick of that city. There were present as students, H.D. Reynard, Ira H. Lucas, O.G. Smith, Minora C. Paxson, A.B. Wightman and M.A. Collier, in all told, eight witnesses. "The patient, A.R. Renwick, had the left hand, arm, shoulder and on up to the spine, intensely hot. Dr. Palmer drew the attention of the class to the excessive heat condition of the portion named; the balance being normal in temperature. He then gave an adjustment in the dorsal region which relieved the pinched nerve on the left side, also the excessive heat of the left upper limb; but he had thrown the vertebra too far, which had the effect of pinching the nerves on the right side, and immediately causing the upper limb to be excessively hot. He asked the class, "Is the body heat by blood or by nerves?" he then left them for two or three minutes. He returned and asked them, "Is the body heat by blood or by nerves?" The class unanimously answered "Nerves." Thus was this new thought originated. "The above circumstance is substantiated by a letter written that evening to the doctor's son, B.J. Palmer, D.C., also several following letters which further explained that the caloric of the body, whether normal or in excess, was furnished by calorific nerves. These letters were placed with other original writings in one of the ten bound volumes in order to prove the autobiography of Chiropractic from its birth. Here are the original writings which show beyond the shadow of a doubt who originated the principle of Chiropractic. The doctor's son anticipated that some sneak thief would try to appropriate the credit of originality, and would desire to rob his father of the honor justly due him, thus, his reason for compiling his original writings." "....Therapeutic methods give remedies to treat the effects. The Chiropractic idea is that the cause of disease is in the person afflicted, and the cure consists in correcting the wrong that is producing it." (23, p. 9); and: "....Therapeutical methods can only treat effects. Causes cannot be treated; they must be made right by adjustment." (23, p. 17). "....Chiropractic is distinctly a science differing from all other modes of healing; the less it is mixed with therapeutical remedies the better." (23, p. 4), and: "There are many who claim to practice Chiropractic who know but little or nothing of it. The discoverer and developer has been heard to say, 'It came near getting away from me.' It is therefore the purpose of this book and the parent school to teach this modern science unmixed. Those who desire to practice it with other methods have a right to do so, but if they call the mixture Chiropractic, they will hear from us publicly thro our monthly journal." (D.D. Palmer, quoted in 26, pp. 38-9). "TREAT-(Webster)-To care for medicinally or surgically; to manage in the use of remedies or appliances; as, to treat a disease, a wound or a patient. "ADJUST-(Webster)-To make exact; to fit; to make correspondent or conformable; to bring into proper relation." (Palmer, 1904, p. ii)   D.D. Palmer mad a very clear distinction between allopathic and naturopathic treatment: "The cause of disease has been, and is yet, mysterious to the great mass of humanity. Chiropractic has solved the mystery. The old idea, that the cause of disease is outside of man, still prevails in most of the schools of healing, and the cure consists in finding something outside, which by being introduced into the body of the sufferer, will drive the disease out. Therapeutic methods give remedies to treat the effects. The Chiropractic idea is that the cause of disease is in the person afflicted, and the cure consists in correcting the wrong that is producing it." (Palmer, 1904, p. 9)   "The Allopath and the Osteopath agree in that diptheria is highly contagious, readily communicable from one person to another, that Klebs-Loeffler bacillus is the cause. This theory is founded on fermenting spores being transmitted from one person to another as in yeast. In treatment they differ; the Osteopath aiming to do with his hands what the medical man tries to do with his drugs. The Osteopath gives a general treatment which takes five pages to describe, and over an hour of hard work to perform the 200 movements explained. This treatment is to be repeated every six to eight hours. 1903: DD operates the Santa Barbara Chiropractic School; H.B. Reynard earns DC (Zarbuck, 1988b&c) 1904 Curriculum at Palmer school lengthened to 9 months for $500; shorter courses are also available: "six months, $400; three months, $300; one month, $200, ten days, $100" (p. 5)   With Palmer as Editor and Leroy M. Gordon, D.C., as Manager the pair began to publish the bi-monthly journal, The Chiropractor Adjuster. Much of the contents of this periodical would eventually comprise Palmer's classic 1910 volume, The Chiropractor's Adjuster: the Science, Art & Philosophy of Chiropractic.   "The Allopath and the Osteopath agree in that diptheria is highly contagious, readily communicable from one person to another, that Klebs-Loeffler bacillus is the cause. This theory is founded on fermenting spores being transmitted from one person to another as in yeast. In treatment they differ; the Osteopath aiming to do with his hands what the medical man tries to do with his drugs. The Osteopath gives a general treatment which takes five pages to describe, and over an hour of hard work to perform the 200 movements explained. This treatment is to be repeated every six to eight hours. "The Chiropractor replaces the displaced vertebra by one move, which takes but a moment. Wherein does the Chiropractor resemble the Osteopath or the Allopath?" (Palmer, 1904, p. 12)   “What can Chiropractors do for poisoning? “A few years ago I was called to the infirmary to attend one of the students who was suddenly ill with stomach and throat trouble. One adjustment at S.P. gave immediate relief. The next day I was called to the same man with the same ailment and the same result. “The following day was Sunday. I was absent from home until sundown. Upon my return I found him in convulsions. I then saw that he had taken poison. An examination of his room disclosed the fact that he had sought to take his life by corrosive sublimate. “November 7th last, we had link veal sausage for dinner. I ate one, Mrs. Palmer one and a half. About five hours after, she became suddenly very ill. I saw that I had a case of ptomain poisoning. I could not leave her to call help. I gave her an adjustment with immediate benefit. She was relieved and went to sleep. During that day and the next, she felt as tho she had been sick. Ptomain poison is caused by decomposition without putrefaction. There are no characteristic postmortem lesions (molecular0 except that of gastro-intestinal inflammation. “These are the only cases of accidental poisoning I can cite the reader to, where Chiropractic has been used with success. Without further experience I would advise the Chiropractor to adjust immediately and send for a physician. If the patient is relieved by the time the M.D. has arrived, well and good; if not, then you have complied with public educated demands. Until we have had more experience, I would not advise relying upon adjusting alone if a physician can be called. “Vaccine poisoning is readily relieved, as experience has proven by a number of cases adjusted by the originator” (Palmer, 1909, p. 30).     Much of this information was obtained from Joseph C. Keating, Jr., Ph.D from the Chiropractic History Archives.

Part 3 of 7 - 1904 -1905

Part 3 of 7 - 1904 -1905 Tone is the foundation upon which I built the science, reasoned out its philosophy and created the art of adjusting luxated vertebrae. D.D. Palmer, 1910 Daniel David Palmer Chiropractic's Founder 1845 — 1913 Bartlett Joshua Palmer Chiropractic's Developer 1881 — 1961 1904 The Chiropractor Adjuster, as its name implied, was intended as the instrument by which Old Dad Chiro would correct/adjust the mistaken ideas about chiropractic that he found in so much of the chiropractic literature. Donahue said this of the 1910 Adjuster: "...Palmer was relentless in 'adjusting' all manner of error in the profession. No error was too insignificant to draw his attention. Even simple business cards or patient education pamphlets were not safe if he felt they misrepresented chiropractic. Misuse a word and you were liable to be corrected from several of the dictionaries he used. Make factual errors about anatomy or physiology and you would suffer numerous citations from noted medical authorities." 1905 (June 25): Davenport Democrat & Leader SUCCESS CROWNS THE PALMER SCHOOL The Commencement Exercises Held in Handsome New Headquarters Many Good Words In Favor of the Splendid Results Being Gained by Chiropractic. Friday evening marked an auspicious event in the history of the Palmer School and Infirmary of Chiropractic. The occasion was the annual Spring Commencement and the Formal Opening of the handsome new headquarters of the institution at 828 Brady street. The event was also of pleasing interest to both the students and the faculty, because it marked th close of one of the most successful years in the history of the institution and conclusively proved to the world that chiropractic is no fad but an effective and practical method of healing the afflicted that has steadily grown in popularity during the 18 years of its existence. There was a large gathering of the friends of the school present at Friday evening’s commencement exercises and the program was a very pleasing one, and proved of great interest to the audience. The exercises began at 8 o’clock, with an opening address by Dr. B.J. Palmer, president of the school. In his remarks Dr. Palmer spoke briefly of the work of the graduates and their work in life. The time was not far distant when Chiropractic would be recognized the world over as one of the greatest curative sciences ever discovered. Students of this school were now practicing in two-thirds of the states of the union and several foreign countries. Chiro is growing in popularity and accomplishing a world of good among the sick and afflicted. Only last month Mrs. Martha Brake returned to her home at Melbourne, Australia, after taking a course at the local school and will now establish herself in practice in that far away country. Addresses by Students Mrs. B.J. Palmer was next introduced as the salutatorian of the graduating class. She voiced the appreciation of the members for the benefit they have derived from the course and expressed their gratitude to the faculty for what had been done for them. Charles Ray Parker, the valedictorian, in his address, spoke of the great faith the students had in chiropractic and noted the spread of this science over the entire civilized world. During the past 18 years it has grown faster and spread over a larger territory than any similar science. He referred to it as the need of the hour and the greatest discovery of the century. Its thousands of cured patients are its best endorsement. Value of Chiropractic W.J. Robb of the class of December ‘05 was the next speaker and chose for his subject, “The Value of Chiropractic to Mankind.” He declared its value to the human race to be beyond comprehension. It had effected permanent cures where all remedies and other sciences had failed. He pointed out its differences from all other sciences and showed that while in every other line of investigation the world has the advantage of what has been learned for centuries before, there is no accumulated knowledge on this new science. Dr. D.D. Palmer Speaks Dr. D.D. Palmer, the discoverer and developer of chiropractic, was called upon for an address and in responding proved himself a very interesting and entertaining speaker. The speaker expressed his great pleasure in noting the success that has attended the introduction of chiropractic methods to the public and the ready response that it has received from them and the hearty testimonials that are continually being received from gratified patients. While chiropractic was discovered and developed 18 years ago, there was no school for its instruction until nine years ago and during that short space of time over 200 graduates have been awarded diplomas and gone forth in the world to relieve suffering humanity. Award of Diplomas The award of diplomas to the graduates was next in order and this pleasant duty was performed by Dr. D.D. Palmer, president of the school. These diplomas conferred upon the graduates the degree of D.C. (Doctor of Chiropractic.) The diplomas were handsome and costly specimens of the printer’s and engraver’s art. In order to receive them the students were obliged to receive a percentage of over 85 in the following studies: Anatomy, dissection, physiology, pathology, diagnosis, nerve tracing, chiropractic, orthopedy and the principles and practices of chiropractic. Finely Furnished Quarters The new home of the Palmer School and Infirmary of Chiropractic located at the crest of the Brady street ill, is one of the ideal beauty spots of the residence portion of the city. The building is a spacious and well arranged one, containing all the modern improvements and every known appliance for the convenience and comfort of the patients. Beautiful shade trees, spacious proches and a green lawn, tends to enhance the beauty and attractiveness of the place. The building is a large brick structure, particularly adapted for infirmary puroses and the conducting of classes. It is without doubt the best regulated infirmary in this section of the state. Formal Opening Friday evening’s event, aside from marking the first commencement of the school in its new home, also served as a formal opening to the public and the large number of people present were shown through the institution and many were the favorable comments heard from them in regard to what they saw. The thoroughness of all the arrangements and the extensiveness of the equipment, was a revelation to them and impressed upon their minds more thoroughly than ever before that chiropractic has come to stay and that the prejudice which its introduction 18 years ago had created, has been largely overcome and that today Dr. Palmer’s patients include many of our own leading residents as well as those from all over the West. The Appointments One of the noticeable features noticed by a visit through the institution, is the large and finely equipped library, containing several thousand volumes, among which are to be found many of the leading and standard works of the literary world. The consultation room is a handsomely arranged apartment, as is the ??? room, library, recreation toom, and other ??? of the building. On the main floor are located the two adjusting rooms, equipped with solid mahogany adjusting tables and other furniture to match. On the same floor is located the osteological studio in which are located a large number of cabinets containing interesting specimens showing the different diseased conditions of the body. This collection is declared to be the finest in America. On the second floor is located the parlor and the bedrooms, all furnished in a manner to give the occupant the most ease and comfort. On the third floor are located the wards for the patients. Everything about the entire building is of the most improved sanitary nature and the healthful and invigorating atmosphere which surrounds the ideal location of the sanitarium, makes the infirmary a place of pleasure, as well as health and comfort. Success Crowns Efforts That success has crowned Dr. Palmer’s efforts in teaching and spreading the principles of chiropractic is well known to every citizen of Davenport. His reputation for curing the sick and afflicted has extended far beyond the borders of the state and today he has patients from many states of the union. His correspondence, from the states of the union and from the foreign countries, has reached a tremendous proportion and requires the assistance of a number of clerks and stenographers in disposing of.   (July): The Chiropractor (1[8]:9): A STUDENT’S OPINION A Practicing Osteopath Takes a Short Course - Is Well Pleased Three years ago I became interested in Chiropractic by taking a week’s adjustment of Dr. D.D. Palmer, after which I wanted to know more of the science. Therefore I have taken a short course at The Palmer School, during which I have learned much and consider myself well repaid for my time and expense. “I Find Original Investigation” I find in it the evidence of deep research and original investigation. The methods are brief, direct and decisive. The teachers of The Palmer School evidently understand the principles of Chiropractic, for they are able to demonstrate clearly to their students. A knowledge of this science enables us to see the limitationof other systems, yet each have helped to prepare the way for Chiropractic. Osteopathy, First Glimmer Osteopathy gave us the first glimmer of light, and started a revolution in the healing art. But its methods are cumbersome and more or less uncertain. The change from fetichism to a scientific study of the human body and its needs was welcomed by thousands. Chiropractic Direct and Effective If we but wished to amuse and impress our patients, then the more movements and apparatus the better. But if we desire to relieve them of sickness and disease, we will use that method which is most direct and effective; this we find in Chiropractic. A friend once said to me, “I would rather have your opinion than your argument.” The foregoing is my opinion; the demonstration of Chiropractic principles can be better applied in the clinic and adjusting room. M.R. M’Burney D.O. 1201 Boyle St., Allegheny, Pa.   1905 (Aug): The Chiropractor (1[9]:4): Allegheny, Pa., Aug. 17, 1905 Dr. D.D. Palmer, Dear Doctor: - I am hard at work. The ten days at your school is making a change in results, and not so hard on me. I am advising my friends to go to your school. Yours truly, M.R. McBURNEY, D.O.   1905 (Nov): The Chiropractor (1[12]:10): Dr. D.D. Palmer, Allegheny, Pa., Nov. 7, 1905 Dear Doctor: - I was glad to hear from headquarters. As usual you are striking from the shoulder. I will look forward with great interest for the next two numbers of The Chiropractor. We are making arrangements to get back as soon as we can, to finish up the course. I have an enviable record, since leaving The Palmer School, in paralysis, headaches, rheumatism, including sciatica, diabetes insipidus, nervous prostration, cystitis and hay fever. Eye troubles originating at k.p., which were obstinate in the past, are now readily removed. I am ready for your new discovery: “Why is a fever preceded by a chill?” Thanking you for your past kindness, I am Yours sincerely, M.R. McBURNEY, D.O.   standing: M.R. McBurney, D.O., E.E. Schwartz, D.O., Frank Horak D.G.R., Alafred E. Wenzel, D.O.E., H.J. Falkin, D.O. (or perhaps Faulkner); seated, L to R: DD, BJ and Alice E. Eklund; see also The Chiropractor 1905 (Sept); 1(10): 14 and The Chiropractor 1905 (Oct); 1(11): 24 1905 (Nov): The Chiropractor (1[12]:10): Dr. D.D. Palmer, Allegheny, Pa., Nov. 7, 1905 Dear Doctor: - I was glad to hear from headquarters. As usual you are striking from the shoulder. I will look forward with great interest for the next two numbers of The Chiropractor. We are making arrangements to get back as soon as we can, to finish up the course. I have an enviable record, since leaving The Palmer School, in paralysis, headaches, rheumatism, including sciatica, diabetes insipidus, nervous prostration, cystitis and hay fever. Eye troubles originating at k.p., which were obstinate in the past, are now readily removed. I am ready for your new discovery: “Why is a fever preceded by a chill?” Thanking you for your past kindness, I am Yours sincerely, M.R. McBURNEY, D.O. Much of this information was obtained from Joseph C. Keating, Jr., Ph.D from the Chiropractic History Archives.

Part 4 of 7 - 1906

Part 4 of 7 - 1906 Knowledge of a single fact does not reach the meaning of science. D.D. Palmer, 1910 Daniel David Palmer Chiropractic's Founder 1845 — 1913 Bartlett Joshua Palmer Chiropractic's Developer 1881 — 1961 1906 1906 (Mar 26): Davenport Democrat & Leader includes article (p. 9): FOR PRACTICING WITHOUT LICENSE Interesting Trial Has Been Begun in the District Court Law Has Been Raised in Justice Courts But This is First Trial in District Court. An interesting trial is now in progress in the District Court ??? Judge A.P. Barker of Clinton. It is that of Dr. D.D. Palmer, indicted by the September grand jury for practicing medicine without a license. This is practically a test case in this vicinity. The law has been brought out in justice courts and before coroners’ juries and in several cases persons have been bound over to the grand jury for the offense. However, this is the first time that a case has come to trial before a jury under this law. The law is said to apply more widely than the term, practicing medicine without a certificate, would imply. It is believed to cover all cases n which a person cures or professes to cure diseases without a state certificate. The trial began at 2 o’clock this afternoon in the district court and the attorneys are now busy securing a jury. County Attorney A.W. Hamann and his assistant, C.H. Murphy, are prosecuting while W.A. Foster and Walter Petersen are defending. 1906 (Mar 27): Davenport Democrat & Leader includes article (p. 7): THE PALMER TRIAL IS A SHORT ONE Attorneys Began Arguments the First Thing This Morning Defense Introduced No Testimony - Case Went to Jury at Noon Today The trial of Dr. D.D. Palmer on the charge of practicing medicine without a certificate from the state obard of health proved to be a very short one. The case was not taken up until 2 o’clock Monday afternoon. In an hour a jury had been acquired and, before evening adjournment, the state had rested its case. This morning the defense introduced a motion to instruct the jury to return a verdict against the state but the judge overruled it. Thereupon the defense rested, without examining a single witness and allowed the case to go to the jury upon the state’s evidence. Assistant County Attorney C.H. Murphy made the opening argument for the state and was followed by Walter Petersen for the defense. W.A. Foster closed for the defense and County Attorney A.W. Hamann for the state. The case went to the jury at noon. The jury which will decide the case is composed of Dr. Boydston, August Butenschoen, M.W. Butterfield, W. Clemmer, Henry Ljoberenz, F. Rascher, A.N. Rust, A.C. Seaman, I.W. Strathmann, Jr., R.J. Tobin, G. Werthmann, and H.J. Winkler. The first witness for the state was County Recorder Charles Like who testified that Dr. Palmer had never filed a certificate to practice medicine in his office. Then George Backus, a linotype operator, and H.A. Skelley, a printer of the firm of Osborne & Skelley, were put upon the stand to testify in regard to certain printing circulated by the Palmer School and Infirmary of Chiropractic. The star witness for the state was Miss Avis Fraser, formerly stenographer for the Drs. Palmer. The defense sought to have her testimony stricken out on the grounds that she was a private secretary and her testimony was privileged. The judge, however, allowed it to go in. The state’s case depends upon the connection of Dr. D.D. Palmer with the publication of “The Chiropractor,” a circular in the form of a magazine. It is alleged that in this Dr. Palmer professes to cure diseases and that, in making this claim, Dr. Palmer violated the law under which he is being tried. Found Guilty. The jury returned a verdict this afternoon of guilty as charged. This is the first conviction in the county court on the charge of practicing medicine without a license. The penalty is a fine of from $300 to $??? to be paid in cash or served out in jail. 1906 (Mar 28): Davenport Democrat publishes story of DD's conviction and refusal to pay fine (Gielow, 1981, p. 106) 1906 (Mar 27): Davenport Democrat & Leader includes article (p. 10): DR. D.D. PALMER GOES TO JAIL Refuses to Pay Fine and Will Serve 105 Days in Bastile. Declares He Will Stick by Chiropractic to the End - Clashes With the Judge Dr. D.D. Palmer, discoverer and developer of Chiropractic, was committed to the county jail at 10 o’clock this morning to serve out his sentence of 105 days imposed upon him... 1906 (Apr 2): Davenport Democrat & Leader includes article (p. 5): DR. D.D. PALMER TALKS IN JAIL Will Serve Out Entire Sentence Rather Than to Pay Fine. Confined to a Cell 9 by 11 Feet in Dimensions and Treated as Ordinary Prisoner. Dr. D.D. Palmer, who is serving a 105 day sentence in the county jail, was interviewed in his cell Sunday afternoon by a Democrat representative who inquired how jail life was agreeing with him. To this question Dr. Palmer replied: “It’s not so bad as some people might suppose. The first day naturally was the hardest to bear, the second day was easier and so on until now. I am reconciled to my fate. I am here for a principle which is chiropractic. This is mine. I discovered and developed it. No medical school has ever practiced or used it. In doing so I am not practising surgery, medicine or obstetrics. I am opposed to the practice of medicine in all its branches.” Will Not Pay Fine. “Many people are saying on the street that you will soon become tired of jail life and pay your fine in order to be released,” stated the reporter to Dr. Palmer. To this information the doctor replied: “I will pay no fine and will serve out the entire sentence if required to do so. I feel less and less every day like paying a fine. “A rather interesting incident occurred in connection with my sentence. After I went to jail, several parties phoned to my home and others called, offering to lend me money with which to pay my fine, thinking that I did not have it. I am not in this cell for lack of principal but for an abundance of principle.” In a Small Cell. Ever since Dr. Palmer went to jail, the general impression has prevailed over town that he was a prisoner in name only and was given special privileges, etc., while serving his sentence. This is a false impression. When The Democrat representative called at the jail and asked Turnkey Eldridge to see Dr. Palmer, the turnkey picked up his bunch of keys and led the reporter through the jail corridor to the east wing of the jail. At a certain cell, Mr. Eldridge stopped, inserted the key in the steel door and swung it open. Inside this cell, which is 9 by 11 feet in dimensions, was Dr. Palmer. He entered this cell on the morning he began the serving of his sentence and has not stepped out of it since. In the cell is a cot, two chairs, a small table and a typewriter. The only things the doctor is allwed in his cell that are not found in the cells of the other prisoners, is the extra chair, the table and the typewriter. Cleans Cell Himself. A noticable feature about the cell in which Dr. Palmer is confined is its cleanliness. Soon after entering it, Dr. Palmer himself went to work and gave it a thorough scrubbing. Every morning he spends an hour or so in cleaning it and making it as attractive as possible. Dr. Palmer states he is treated well by all the jail officials and has no complaint to make. “Only one thing I would like to do which they will not allow me,” stated the doctor, and “that is to hang out my sign over the window to my cell.” Time Passes Quickly. Continuing Dr. Palmer, who by the way is the elder doctor and not the son, as is misunderstood by some, said: “Time passes very quickly in jail. I spend the time in reading, writing, and studying chiropractc. I am living on the prison food and have requested my family and friends not to send me any delicacies. Prison food is not bad, I can stand it. As long as my wife and son stands by me, I will be patient and remain contented. You see some friends sent me those beautiful flowers today. Well, I certainly appreciate this kind remembrance, also the visits of my friends who have to the jail to see me.” 1906 (Apr 6, Friday): Davenport Democrat & Leader includes article (p. 6): HOW TO BE HAPPY IN COUNTY JAIL Dr. D.D. Palmer Writes a new Line of Valuable Maxims From the Scott County Jail He Sends Messages of Optimism to the Outside World. When asked by a Democrat reporter “How to Make a Jail Sentence Easy,” Dr. D.D. Palmer made the following remarks. Be sure you are in the right. Keep busy; always have something to do. Keep your person and room clan and neat. Don’t worry. Let the fellow who committed the Injustice do that. If you are in the right you can afford to hold your temper; if in the wrong you can’t afford to lose it. Be thankful for small favors, hoping to receive larger ones. Have no regrets. Take your medicine with a smile.. Jails have contained some of the best, as well as the worst men. Treat the sheriff, turn key and guards with due respect; they have their duties to perform. Have a clear conscience and a good appetite. Feel that your cause is just, that you are imprisoned for righteousness. Thus does time pass quickly and pleasantly. Others have suffered for conscience sake, and the uplifting of their fellow men. Persecution or prosecution creates sympathy, sympathy generates investigators, investigation produces followers, who become more zealous and persistent in spreading their peculiar doctrines. Thousands will be benefited by my incarceration. It has already been copied in hundreds of newspapers, and stimulate the growth of our business. Radical changes cannot be made “on feathery beds of cane;” new thoughts of great importance cannot be born without labor. “Truth crushed to earth will rise again.” DR. D.D. PALMER, 1906 (Apr 23, Monday): Davenport Democrat & Leader includes article (p. 8): DR. D.D. PALMER PAYS HIS FINE Discoverer of Chiropractic Released from Jail Saturday Dr. D.D. Palmer, discoverer of chiropractic and president of the Palmer School of Chiropractic, was released from the county jail Saturday. His fine was paid in full as imposed by the court at the time he was adjudged guilty of violating the state statute forbidding anybody to practice medicine without a state certificate. The fine imposed by the court was $350 and the costs were $39.50. This made a total of $389.50. Upon the payment of this sum, the elder Palmer was released. Dr. Palmer had served out 23 days when released. In spite of thishe was required to pay the entire fine. No reduction was made for the days spent by him in jail at the rate of $2.22 per day, which is the rate at which fines are served out when prisoners prefer to go to jail and work out the fines imposed. Much of this information was obtained from Joseph C. Keating, Jr., Ph.D from the Chiropractic History Archives.

Part 5 of 7 - 1907 to 1921

Part 5 of 7 - 1907 to 1921 Science consists of ascertained facts in regard to the knowledge of principles and causes. D.D. Palmer, 1910 Daniel David Palmer Chiropractic's Founder 1845 — 1913 Bartlett Joshua Palmer Chiropractic's Developer 1881 — 1961 1907 1907: DD forms the Palmer/Gregory school in Oklahoma City instead of teaching at Carver/Denny (Gielow, 1981, p. 118) 1907?: Palmer and Gregory break up after 3 months and one week (Gielow, 1981, p. 118); DD refers to a mere 9 weeks of association (Palmer, 1909a, p. 62): Alva Gregory and D.D. Palmer, circa 1908, presumably in Oklahoma City (Texas Chiropractic College Archives) If Dr. D.D. Palmer's connection with the Gregory School as a teacher for nine weeks is of such importance to justify the continuance of advertising 'Palmer-Gregory Chiropractic College,' how much more is it worth to you as a student to be under the personal instruction of D.D. Palmer for nine months? During that nine weeks much of my Chiropractic teaching was sidetracked, owing to the teaching of medical ideas which were not Chiropractic. 1908 1908 (Nov 9): DD Palmer College of Chiropractic opens on Monday in Portland OR; DD Palmer is president and Leroy M. Gordon DC is Manager; photo (Palmer, 1909a, pp. 2, 31); photo of LM Gordon DC (p. 50); tuition is $250/year for a 2-year course (of 9 mo each) including "minor surgery, obstetrics, forensic jurisprudence and a full course of dissection" (Palmer, 1909a, p. 58) D.D. Palmer was confident of his abilities as a magnetic healer. Although he stated his limitations as he saw them, the range of conditions he would treat was broad: "I treat successfully the following DISEASES: "Rheumatism of any kind, neuralgia, the various kinds of stomach ailments, diseases of the liver, kidneys, bowels, bladder spleen, heart, throat, and head, male and female diseases, periodical headaches, inflammation of the bowels or bladder, brain fever, lung fever, bronchitis, nervous diseases, shaking palsy, quinsy, running sores, abscesses of the lungs, liver or stomach, catarrh, pleurisy, sprains, lameness caused by injuries, asthma, malaria, dyspepsia, female weakness, diabetes, chronic diarrhoea, constipation, loss of strength and vitality, eczemas, indigestion, erysipelas, dropsy, diphtheria, some diseases of the eye and ear, painful menstruation, piles, incontinence of urine or bed-wetting, consumption, lupus, cancers and tumors when not too far gone, and some cases of paralysis. I give no medicines, you do not have to wait months to see a change. Three to five treatments usually shows you what I can do. I treat causes, not effects. This Vital Magnetic Power of curing disease is sufficient to heal any disease when we know how. "I do not claim to cure all diseases, but I now treat and cure many diseases which I had not thought of doing five years ago. "Medicine and medical doctors are necessary; we cannot get along without them. But they cannot cure everybody. Neither can I. I especially invite those who have tried all other remedies and have failed to find relief" (4). CHIROPRACTIC AND MAGNETISM HAVE A CLOSE LINK "Chiropractic was not evolved from medicine or any other method, except that of magnetic. For nine years previous to the discovery of adjusting vertebrae, I was practicing magnetic healing. During that time I had developed much which afterwards became a part of the science of Chiropractic. For example, I treated (as I supposed) the spleen for cancer of the breast, effecting a cure. Now I see that I relieved the nerves in that region of inflammation. There was 'nerve tracing' in its infancy" 1908-If you are going to study Chiropractic, why not matriculate at the school that is presided over by the man - the master mind - who discovered and developed the greatest science known to humanity? Why not learn Chiropractic first-handed, direct from the fountain head? The D.D. Palmer College of Chiropractic offers you this opportunity. Students at this school receive instructions under the direct supervision of Dr. D.d. Palmer, the man who found the cause of disease and developed a unique method of adjustment for correcting the same. The course at this school covers a period of two years; nine months to the year. The first year is devoted to Chiropractic and all that pertains to it, including a short course in dissection on the cadaver. The second year, minor surgery, obstetrics, forensic jurisprudence and a full course of dissection. Tuition, per year..............$250.00 Adjustements at the D.D. Palmer College of Chiropractic in ordinary cases $10.00 each week for the first six weeks, payable in advance, or the first six weeks paid in advance $50.00, following weeks $5.00. Special cases, as Cancers, Tumors and Epilepsy, $20.00 first week, $10.00 each week thereafter in advance. Address all communications to L.M. Gordon, D.C., Secretary, 205 Oregonian Building, Portland. The only picture of D.D. Palmer, B.J. Palmer and David D.Palmer 1910 D.D. Palmer’s Thoughts on Toxicology “Toxicology. To round out and complete a practical education of a Chiropractor, he should be acquainted with the action of drugs on the functions of the human body, so that he may know what nerves are affected by their introduction and what vertebrae to adjust to counteract their effects.”* *in Palmer DD. The Chiropractor’s Adjuster: the Science, Art and Philosophy of Chiropractic. Portland OR: Portland Printing House, 1910, p. 789 Quotations from DD (1910) Science is knowledge reduced to law and embodied in a system. Art relates to something to be done. Science teaches us to know and art to do. The philosophy of a science is the understanding of its principles. Science is accepted, accumulated knowledge, systematized and formulated with reference to the discovery of general laws..." This book has been written for the purpose of teaching Chiropractic as a science, making the art of adjusting specific, giving a special location and adjustment for each disease so far as we know. Adjusting is an art, not a science. A person may be able to adjust vertebrae, many do so, without any scientific knowledge of the reason for doing so. They learn it as an art; they know how, but not why. The art of adjusting should be guided by scientific knowledge. Tone is the foundation upon which I built the science, reasoned out its philosophy and created the art of adjusting luxated vertebrae Knowledge of a single fact does not reach the meaning of science. Science consists of ascertained facts in regard to the knowledge of principles and causes. Chiropractors have need of some branches of study not taught in other schools which are the outgrowth of this science. Among these are the art of nerve tracing, discovered and brought to their present perfection by me. Chiropractors should make a special study of anatomy, more particularly that of osteology, neurology and arthrology. Bones, nerves and joints are to a Chiropractor what medicine, chemistry and bacteriology are to a physician". ...health is a condition where the controlling intelligence is able to send mental impulses outward thru nerves. Chiropractic is a proven fact--it is a science demonstrated by the art of adjusting. As we become acquainted with its principles, founded upon laws as old as the vertebra, we make less failures. The science can only be developed along the lines laid down by its founder. I founded the science of Chiropractic upon the basic principle of tone. By reasoning upon the immutable laws of biology, which are based upon tone, the living principle of animal and vegatable life. Chiropractic philo-sophy explains the phenomena of biology in health and disease. From that basic principle of tone many principles are derived. 1912 1912 (Apr 14): according to Lewis (1991, p. 105): At 10:25 P.M. on Sunday, April 14, 1912, a single message brought wireless, Marconi, and eventually Sarnoff to prominence: the Titanic, fastest and most luxurious ocean liner of its time, was sinking in the North Atlantic. The catastrophe would serve to make radio communication indispensable to safety at sea. 1913 1913 (Nov 1): Fountain Head News (2[38]:1) reports: D.D. PALMER IS DEAD LONG LIVE D.D. PALMER The troubles are now buried; they exist only in memory. The things good come to the front. His flesh no more is animated by spirit; but, long live the spirit. He gave birth to Chiropractic. It did not die with him. He gave it to you and I to carry on. His spirit passed on Oct. 20th, 1913 at 8 a.m. His age was 68. The funeral was held Oct. 22nd, 1913. On that day The P.S.C. held an Honor service. The speakers were S.H. Weed, D.D., who named "Chiropractic", L.H. Nutting, more generally known as "Uncle Howard" to our profession and C.H. Murphy an attorney of this city. All these men knew D.D. Palmer most intimately. Nor more appropriate speakers could have been found who knew most about the early and late struggles of D.D. Palmer and Chiropractic. Following the euologies, school was dismissed for the day and "Old Glory" flew at half-mast for the day. Let it be said to the credit of the D.C.C. that their student body was our guests and they too closed school out of respect. And, lest we forget, several U.C.C. boys were with us and their school, I understand was closed also. The minutes of the meeting were reported and will be published in full in a coming issue of THE CHIROPRACTOR. Let us all bow our heads for a minute and give more than a passing thot for he who gave the world Chiropractic. I would say more, but I can't. I desire to utter my heart-throbs but my mind refuses to work. I trust you will pardon the briefness and lateness of this notice; for, tho we had our viewpoints, he was our Father. 1920 1920: Lewis (1991, pp. 162-4) writes: What began in 1920 as a single station (WDKA), had grown to 30 stations in 1922, and 556 in 1923......Only a few radio sets were produced in 1921; 100,000 were produced in 1922; 500,000 in 1923. By 1923, an estimated 400,000 households had a radio, a jump from 60,000 just the year before. And in that year's spring catalogue, the Sears Roebuck Company offered its first line of radios, while Montgomery Ward was preparing a special fifty-two-page catalog of radio sets and parts. Included was 'a complete tube set having a range of 500 miles and more' for $23.50. Overnight, it seemed, everyone had gone into broadcasting: newspapers, banks, public utilities, department stores, universities and colleges, cities and towns, pharmacies, creameries, and hospitals, among others. In Davenport, Iowa, the Palmer School of Chiropractics had a station; ..... ...Brisk radio sales were part of the wave of postwar prosperity that was breaking over the nation. The Palmer School of Chiropractic Faculty - 1920 1921 1921 (Mar 31): Articles of incorporation approved for Palmer School of Chiropractic (formerly Palmer School & Infirmary of Chiropractic) (Wiese, 1986) WOC Radio Station Joseph C. Keating, Jr., Ph.D. 1 1350 W. LAMBERT ROAD, APT. 110 LA HABRA CA 90631 USA filename: WOC/chrono 98/03/11 (562) 690-6499 Chronology of word count: 15,790 RADIOPHONE STATION , 1922-1932 QUOTABLES: "Old Father Time had better hire a few more stenographers if he intends to record all the radio history that is being made these days" (Palmer, 1924a, p. 4) "Radio is the home vaudeville." (Palmer, 1924a, p. 7) "Radio is destined to play a much more important part in the lives of those that possess a radio set, for today there is being brot into the home new personalities, new ideas, new situations, which will directly result in a broadening of the intellectual powers and consequently an uplifting of the American standard of intelligence." (Palmer, 1924b, p. 2) B.J. was a pioneer in communications and was the founder of radio station W.O.C. which stands for Wonders of Chiropractic. In 1927 it was the first radio station licensed by the F.F.C. west of the Mississippi River. It received its license only a short time after KDKA [sic: WDKA; see Lewis, 1991, pp. 162-4] radio in Pittsburgh, and was the first station to become a member of the NBC network in 1927. W.O.C. was the first station to broadcast regular programs and to keep daily radio logs, the latter of which is required by all radio stations today. B.J. also wrote and published the book Radio Salesmanship, whic is still in use as a reference book wherever broadcast is in operation today. B.J. did not stop with only one radio station but went on to own several other stations. Radio was not his only endeavor into the field of communication. He was also very much involved in TV communication. He was one of the first people to experiment with color television. From color television he progressed into film making. He owned a studio in California which pioneered in Technicolor and 3-D movies which was called stereo color... "The U.S. Government has stated in an official bulletin that WOC is being heard by over 1,000,000 people daily." (Palmer, 1924b, p. 5) "When the horseless carriage started it was considered a shortlived fad. I know because I owned the first gasoline buggy west of the Mississippi. Everyone laughed at me then, as they did when we started WOC. He who laughs last, laughs longest. The automobile is still here stronger than ever. The horse has almost disappeared. The Radio is a growing movement that has become a fixture in America's life. It will live as has the automobile" (Palmer, 1924b, p. 7). undated: according to Palmer (197?, p. 22): ...In several instances when illness suddenly incapacitated some of our early broadcasting executives, we took extraordinary care of them. We kept a popular radio announcer, Peter MacArthur, on the payroll for two years while he lived in Palm Beach, Florida, while he attempted to recover from rheumatoid arthritis. undated: according to Palmer (197?, p. 39): Ronald Reagan also played on the Palmer Courts, wearing the traditional uniform of the period - white wool flannel trousers and a sweater. undated: according to Palmer (197?, p. 44): In the midst of these discouraging days, I was offered a position with the National Broadcasting Company, by Niles Trammell, president of NBC. His offer was supported by Fred Webber, executive vice president, Western Division, of NBC.   Much of this information was obtained from Joseph C. Keating, Jr., Ph.D from the Chiropractic History Archives.

Part 6 of 7 - 1921 to Present

Part 6 of 7 - 1921 to Present Science is knowledge reduced to law and embodied in a system. Art relates to something to be done. Science teaches us to know and art to do. The philosophy of a science is the understanding of its principles. Science is accepted, accumulated knowledge, systematized and formulated with reference to the discovery of general laws..." D.D. Palmer, 1910 Daniel David Palmer Chiropractic's Founder 1845 — 1913 Bartlett Joshua Palmer Chiropractic's Developer 1881 — 1961 1921 1921: Dave Palmer (197?, pp. 107-13) recalls: In 1921, B.J. was interested in an early radiophone station owned by a gentleman by the name of Robert Karlowa in Rock Island. I was a ham operator much interested in receiving radiophone voices over the air. Nightly I went up to the Pigeon Roost of the mansion as it was called by the family. (Really, the technical name is belevedere. Why Mother dubbed it so I don't know.) Radio excited B.J. After a few months of becoming more intrigued with this new form of communication, he entered this risky business, buying the 100 watter from Karlowa for a few thousand dollars. It was moved to the 4th floor of our Administration building. [but see also "Our respects...", 1961, which suggests BJ's purchase was in 3/22] B.J. applied to the federal government for permission to broadcast voice and music and received the call letters WOC. During this period, radio stations were under the direction of the Department of Commerce with Herbert Hoover serving as Secretary of the Department. At that early date there was little rhyme or reason for the call letters received by stations. Many years later all stations west of the Mississippi were given the first letter "K;" those east of the Mississippi "W." We went on the air in 1922 broadcasting weather reports, stock market conditions and farm information. The station was run as a "family affair." I was one of the office boys handling the mail, in addition to running down Brady Hill to the Post Office for weather reports. Speaking of weather reports recalls to mind one of B.J.'s most original ideas in this regard. In the backyard of our home on Brady Street he erected a 150 ft. flag pole. He gave me the responsibility of raising the American flag each morning plus a series of Navy alphabet flags indicating the weather for the day. It was my task to contact the Post Office for the weather report, go to the flag box, pick out the alphabet to indicate the weather for the day and raise them to the top of the flag pole. "F" for fair, "R" for rain, "C" for clear, "S" for snow, "W" for warm. So this would have meaning to the citizens of Davenport, B.J. published a card with the flags in color. The people of Davenport would refer to their card when looking at the pole, determining for themselves weather conditions of the day. Citizens of Davenport were very pleased with this "weather service" which later was followed by reports over WOC Radio. B.J., always a man for a play on words, soon made a national identification for Davenport as a place "Where the West Begins." To substantiate his statement of "Where the tall corn rows" both radio stations in Des Moines and Davenport had tall corn contests -the stalks were sent in to Davenport and for many months were put outside the Administration Building for the public to view. Stan Barnett, a P.S.C. student, was the first station manager of WOC. In those early days, announcers used their initials only. The announcer's full name was never permitted. Barnett had been an operator of a Coast Guard radio unit. Similarly, our first radio engineer, Rex Willetts, known as Radio Rex, had also been a wireless operator aboard an ocean going freighter. All of our employees doubled in brass and so the voices were heard all over our continent, identified, as in the case of Barnett, as B.W.S. B.J., when announcing, was B.J.P. In fact, I was known as D.D.P. Stan Barnett now lives in Michigan. He has remained a close friend of mine throughout the years. When we get together, we enjoy reminiscing about the early days of broadcasting. A finer gentlemen never lived. We were very fortunate to have Stan Barnett pilot us through the rough waters of early day radio. In those days WOC had a very sweet sound and a wide frequency band which covered the entire North American continent from Alaska to the Panama Canal Zone. At that time, we were only one of ten stations on the air. [but see Lewis, 1991, p. 162: says 30 stations in 1922] Today, you know, there is nothing but "cat and dog" sounds on the A.M. band as you struggle through the overlapping cacophony of some 6,718 stations on the air in the United States. We were very fortunate to have the use of the music room in my father's mansion for a studio because it contained a Chickering piano and Aoelian pipe organ. The combination was used to produce church music. Because it was unique in this respect we had a tremendous audience across the country. I might add the piano was purchased from the Schmidt Music Company, one of Davenport's earliest and most reputable concerns. We also acquired much of the talent heard over WOC in the early years from them. Our organist, Irwin Schwindel, was our first music director. I believe even today, he was Davenport's finest organist. I wish to recall in my memoirs an incident which is amusing to me. One Sunday evening the family, Mother, Dad and myself, were in the music room listening to a beautiful program. Grace Lohmiller (wife of Davenport civic leader H.G. "Sky" Lohmiller) was a vocalist for the program. Grace was a leading artist of Davenport.... she sang at all patriotic and other important events. She was very well known and very respected for her talents. Before continuing with this story it is well to note our St. Bernard dog, Big Ben, had died while we were on a trip to the Orient. Dad had him mounted and stuffed by Mr. Warmbath who Teddy Roosevelt had used to preserve his trophies. Then Dad positioned Ben under the piano, in the customary spot where he had always slept. It was not a bit unusual for Grace to turn and look at Big Ben as she had done so many times previously. During one of her vocal numbers it suddenly dawned on her that Big Ben was not alive. She paused suddenly and let out a scream, "MY GOD, HE'S DEAD!" Nothing was done to stop the accompaniment - it continued with the hymn, "Nearer My God to Thee." Dad and I were so startled by her scream we were immobilized and stunned. We couldn't think quickly enough to make an explanation on the air so we let it go and did nothing about it. You can imagine the consequences of this to the millions of radio listeners. Can you picture a couple up in South Dakota somewhere listening to the beautiful church music in the silent void of a quiet and snowy night and hearing with earphones. "My God - he's dead?" This left questions in the minds of thousands of people across the North American continent wondering what had occurred. WOC and B.J. printed up an explanation of this incident which was mailed in response to the countless people sending letters and postcards of inquiry. It was indeed a dramatic experience. Many years later, there was an occasion which, in a fashion, paralleled our experience. That was the Orson Wells presentation of "The War of the Worlds." The shock, surprise and dismay indicated by listeners was very evident in both instances. -photos of: (Palmer, 197?, p. 111) 1) "Early broadcasting of a music program" 2) "Radio Rex (seated) and Frank Pierce, engineer" 3) "Preparing for a remote broadcast of the world series from the Davenport Daily Times." 1922 1922: according to Rehm (1980, p. 285): ...Also a pioneer in broadcasting, he [Frank W. Elliott] was named general manager of the Palmer-owned radio station WOC in 1922, and was an organizer of the National Association of Broadcasters. He was named president of the organization in 1926 and was a member of its first board of directors. He was also vice president and general manager of the Central Broadcasting Company, operators of WOC, Davenport, and WHO, Des Moines. 1922: there are 30 broadcasting stations in the USA; 100,000 radio receivers are produced (Lewis, 1991, p. 162) iIn an article entitled "Has the P.S.C. enrollment slumped?" BJ writes: (pp. 8-9) Later the enrollment dates were designed to meet three times a year, January, May and September. That is the present plan. A carefully prepared chart of the enrollments of the past ten years shows that the September class is always the largest of those three. The January class is next in size and the May class is the smallest. Further study of this chart shows that, year by year, each successive year is a larger year than the year before. The September of a certain year would be larger than the September of the year before, the same being true of January and May, so that the scale kept gradually climbing. Then came the declaration of the Great World War. Many changes became necessary, but we kept on our climb even tho smaller jumps were indulged in for a few years. Then came the Armistice in November, 1918. From that day each successive class took a boom, what we now call our post-war boom classes. Why We Boomed This was accounted for in three ways: First - Many boys who contemplated taking up Chiropractic were called to war. When they were discharged THEY came. Second - Many boys first heard of Chiropractic taking adjustments during the war, and then and there resolved to take it up when discharged, when THEY came. Third - The vocational trainees were entitled to training. The Government saw fit to recognize our school first, and saw fit to pay more money for training at THE PALMER SYSTEM OF CHIROPRACTIC than any other vocational training in any other school of any kind in the United States. THEY began coming in now. -graph derived from data given in above article established. 1930's "...In 1930 one of its [WOC's] sportscasters was President-to- be Ronald Reagan, who wrote in his autobiography, Where Is the Rest of Me? (1965, p. 47), that WOC stood for "'World of Chiropractic'...Founded by Colonel B.J. Palmer of the Palmer School of Chiropractic, it was located in the top floor of the school." (B.J. had gotten himself appointed to the governor's staff as a lieutenant colonel, and characteristically relished wearing his uniform.) However, WOC was more popularly believed to stand for "Wonders of Chiropractic." B.J. often used WOC for late-evening soliloquies, in which he would introduce comments on the benefits of chiropractic. HE also authored an innovative text, Radio Salesmanship (1942). CHIROPRACTIC & THE A.M.A. Throughout its history, chiropractic has often found itself at odds with the organized medical establishment. Perhaps the most famous confrontation in recent years began in 1976 when four doctors of chiropractic, later to be called the Chicago Four, filed suit against the American Medical Association and numerous medical co-conspirators for restricting cooperation between individual MDs and doctors of chiropractic. The four courageous doctors who took on the A.M.A. head-to-head were Chester Wilk, D.C., Patricia B. Arthur, D.C., James W. Bryden, D.C., and Michael D. Pedigo, D.C. Their case proved to be one of the biggest victories in the history of the chiropractic profession. Judge Susan Getzendanner heard the evidence in U.S. District Court and issued her opinion on August 27, 1987. She ruled that over the previous 25 years the actions of the A.M.A. and its coconspirators, the American College of Radiology and the American College of Surgeons, had resulted in serious damage to the cooperative process in health care, to the profession of chiropractic as a whole, to individual doctors of chiropractic, and to the patients they served. The effectiveness of chiropractic was questioned at this trial, but the evidence was in its favor. Studies introduced at the trial showed that doctors of chiropractic were twice as effective as medical doctors in returning injured workers to their jobs. Further evidence regarding orthopedic patients showed that those under the care of doctors of chiropractic in hospital settings were discharged from the hospital in five to seven days, compared with an average of 14 days in a comparable hospital without doctors of chiropractic. But the central question brought to court revolved around organized medicine's attempt to eliminate chiropractic as a competitor in the U.S. health care system. judge Getzendanner's landmark finding was that the A.M.A. was guilty of engaging in a conspiracy "to contain and eliminate the chiropractic profession," and was in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. As far back as 1963, the court declared the A.M.A. had been working aggressively to "overtly and covertly" eliminate the profession of chiropractic. judge Getzendanner issued a permanent court injunction against the A.M.A. to prevent such future behavior. The A.M.A. was required to send copies of the injunction order to each of its 275,000 members, as well as publish the injunction order in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Although the decision is still being appealed, the way has now been cleared for a cooperative relationship between doctors of both professions, as has been sought by chiropractic for many years. The end result of this landmark decision will ultimately be to the advantage of the patient. Now more than ever, doctors of different specialties can work together and share their expertise for the benefit of the patient. 1940's LAUNCH CHIROPRACTIC TO NEW HEIGHTS After the mid-'20s, chiropractic mirrored the nation as it descended into the Great Depression. However, licensing legislation continued to pass, and in the 1940s two events spared a resurgence of chiropractic. In 1941, John Nugent, DC, director of education for the National Chiropractic Association, established the first criteria to accredit chiropractic colleges and schools. Twelve schools were accredited that year. Nugent's stringent standards transformed chiropractic schools into professional, non-profit organizations; he helped set the standard of quality that chiropractic education has today. The other chiropractic milestone of the 1940s was the G.I. Bill. Starting in 1944, World War II veterans wanting to study chiropractic could get government benefits. As a result, returning soldiers quickly flooded chiropractic colleges. The '50s and '60s heralded increased amounts of research, licensure, legislation and professional journals relating to chiropractic, which continued to advance the profession. For instance, in 1963, the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners required that chiropractic graduates pass a nationally uniform exam before they began practicing. 1979 CHIROPRACTIC EFFECTIVENESS There have been numerous formal government inquiries into the effectiveness of chiropractic throughout the world. All of these government inquiries found contemporary chiropractic health care safe and effective, and recommended licensure and government funding. They have all criticized the level of conflict and misinformation between chiropractic and the medical professions, and expressly called for cooperation and understanding in the better interest of the patients they serve. The following is a list of studies and information illustrating the effectiveness of chiropractic care. An 18-month study conducted in 1979 by the Royal New Zealand Commission of Inquiry on Chiropractic determined the following: "Doctors of chiropractic have unsurpassed expertise in caring for neuromusculoskeletal conditions. The commission found beyond any reasonable degree of doubt that chiropractors have a more thorough training in spinal mechanics and spinal manual therapy than any other health professional." "Chiropractors are the only health practitioners who are necessarily equipped by their education and training to carry out spinal manipulation." "Spinal manual therapy in the hands of a registered chiropractor is safe." "The responsibility for spinal manual therapy training, because of its specialized nature, should lie with the chiropractic profession. Part-time or vacation courses in spinal manual therapy for other health professionals should not be encouraged." In 1956, an analysis was made in Florida of 19,666 worker's compensation cases. This study revealed that the average number of workdays lost by an injured employee was nine when they were treated by medical doctors, but only three days when the workers were treated by doctors of chiropractic. A detailed back-injury study was performed in 1971 using the records of the Worker's Compensation Board of Oregon. According to this study, 82 percent of claimants who were under chiropractic care returned to work after one week of time lost. For workers under care of medical doctors, only 41 percent were able to resume work after one week. In the Congressional Record of the United States Senate proceedings of May 9, 1979, a study by Dr. C. Richard Wolf, M.D., on back injuries in California was cited with these striking comparisons: the average number of workdays lost by a patient under the care of a medical doctor was 32, compared with an average of only 15.6 workdays lost by patients under the care of a doctor of chiropractic. In the same study, 34.8 percent of the cases under a medical doctor's care reported complete recovery, compared with reports of complete recovery by 51 percent of those patients under chiropractic care. In a paper entitled "Health Economics and Chiropractic," Dillon, a prominent Australian economist, has this to say about the cost effectiveness of chiropractic care ... "Undoubtedly, in terms of economic appraisal of the current health scene ... chiropractic is in a very strong position. Compared to medical services, it is an extremely inexpensive avenue of health care for those who seek it. Unlike primary medical practice, it does not spiral costs into the system through ancillary and specialist services, hospitalization and pharmaceuticals. On average, a dollar spent on a chiropractor's service causes no further costs." To be continued . . . Much of this information was obtained from Joseph C. Keating, Jr., Ph.D from the Chiropractic History Archives.

Chiropractic Hospitals

Part 7 of 7 - Chiropractic Hospitals ...health is a condition where the controlling intelligence is able to send mental impulses outward thru nerves. D.D. Palmer, 1910 Daniel David Palmer Chiropractic's Founder 1845 — 1913 Bartlett Joshua Palmer Chiropractic's Developer 1881 — 1961 Chiropractic Hospitals Forest Park Chiropractic Sanitarium, Davenport, Iowa (What, 1938) Bon-Aire Sanatorium of San Antonio, Texas (What, 1938) Main Building of Grand View Sanitarium, Whittier, California (What, 1938) Trotter Park Hotel Sanitarium, 3137 Main Street, Kansas City, Missouri (What, 1938) Bakkum Chiropractic Clinic & Hospital, Waukon, Iowa (What, 1938) Kent Clinic & Sanitarium, Galesburg, Illinois (What, 1938) "Chief of Staff and Nurses Who Minister to Your Every Want," Beeman's Sanitarium, Whittier, California (What, 1938) Much of this information was obtained from Joseph C. Keating, Jr., Ph.D from the Chiropractic History Archives.

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