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The popular drug Ritalin has been coming under increasing fire lately, from many different perspectives. This week we will take a look at some of the recent activity surrounding this controversial medication that is being given to increasing numbers of our children. Lawsuits Allege Conspiracy to "Create" Broadly-Defined ADHD The debate over whether kids are placed unnecessarily on Ritalin is headed to the courts. Charges that Swiss drug-maker Novartis conspired with the American Psychiatric Association to create an overly broad definition of Attention Deficit Disorder, have been leveled in class action lawsuits filed in California and New Jersey. A Novartis spokesman dismissed the allegation that they conspired to invent the disorder. In a statement, Novartis says the charges are ''unfounded and preposterous.'' ''I am not saying it doesn't exist,'' said Richard Scruggs, one of the lawyers bringing the suit. ''I am saying the definition is inappropriately broad. Under (those) criteria, there's not a child in America that's not ADHD. And everybody makes money on the diagnosis: the shrinks, the drug company and the schools.'' The lawsuits have caused a furor in the medical community, where ADHD is considered a major childhood health issue. They also have created a buzz in the legal world because some of the lawyers involved in this are veterans of the successful litigation against tobacco companies. The lawsuits have also generated a furor within the community of families of children already diagnosed with ADD/ADHD. Bob Seay, the ADD "guide" at About.com is one of the most vociferous critics of the action. On his site, which is an online community revolving around the ADD/ADHD issue, he has been an outspoken critic of the lawsuits. Another lawyer involved in the action, Donald Hildre, states that ''The turning point in the tobacco litigation was when we showed the tobacco companies were targeting children," which he thinks will be the turning point in this case as well. Jules Asher, a spokesman for the National Institute of Mental Health, says that although Ritalin is an effective treatment for ADD, no one knows what effect the stimulant has on children who take it for many years, or on very young children.
Peter Jensen, director of the Center for the Advancement of Children's Mental Health at Columbia University, says studies are underway to find answers to both questions. Last year, Jensen reported his findings in the largest-ever study on ADHD children ages 7 and older. He concluded the condition is under-diagnosed, contrary to the lawsuits' premise. ''It's flabbergasting that someone could concoct this argument and keep a straight face,'' he says. Ritalin has been manufactured since the mid-1950s. Attention deficit disorder (ADD) became an accepted medical diagnosis in 1980. The diagnosis was modified and ADHD became official in 1987.
Although some kids might fidget and talk too much, Scruggs says, that doesn't mean they have ADHD. ''It's a real injustice to have these kids think they are diseased.'' Methylphenidate, the active ingredient in Ritalin, is also available in generic form through Celltech Group Plc's Medeva unit. Shire Pharmaceuticals Group Plc has a rival product to treat ADHD called Adderall. Is it a "Lazy" Diagnosis? In an article on WebMD, Neil Osterweil asks the question "ADHD: Real Deal or Lazy Diagnosis?" "ADHD is a catchphrase in search of a syndrome in search of a disorder in search of a cause," writes neurologist Jeff Victoroff, MD, in a provocative article published in a recent issue of Psychiatric Times. Dr. Victoroff doesn't dispute that the symptoms and problems associated with what we call ADHD are real. Rather, he suggests the art of psychiatric diagnosis has gotten itself ahead of the science of the mind -- to the detriment of children who may be misdiagnosed by primary care physicians or pediatricians and overmedicated at the urging of parents or school systems looking for a quick fix to complex behavioral problems.
"To look at a kid and say if they meet six of the nine [DSM-IV] criteria -- if they're distractible or contentious or inattentive then they have this disease -- is kind of a Luddite approach to the science," Dr. Victoroff said in an interview with WebMD. He states that "we should look forward to a better psychiatry in the future where we're looking at this very real population of kids who suffer, and whose families suffer, but identify them in a scientific way rather than a theoretical, observational way." His argument is supported by a recent study published in Biological Psychiatry in which researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School in Boston reviewed a variety of outcome studies to assess the validity of an ADHD diagnosis in adults. "Although ... converging lines of evidence support the validity of ADHD in adults, follow-up studies of ADHD children have yielded ambiguous results," write the authors.
"The question
is whether, among the children who meet the current ADHD criteria, there
might be a subgroup suffering from a neuropsychiatrically specific
disorder with a unitary neuropsychopathology," Dr. Victoroff writes.
"There is emerging evidence that such a disorder, in fact, does exist, and
that it involves frontal-subcortical circuits." Also, MRI studies of the brain have shown that children diagnosed with ADHD have abnormalities in the basal ganglia and/or prefrontal cortex, and that low frontal and striatal volumes correlate with failure to inhibit inappropriate behaviors. He also cites evidence of focally increased dopamine synthesis in the brains of children diagnosed with the disorder. In the future, Victoroff told WebMD that diagnostic criteria might include functional MRI measures of response inhibition or PET scanning studies of dopamine synthesis and storage in the midbrain. Victoroff says his intention was not to cast doubt on the existence of a hyperactivity disorder, but to raise questions about the validity of ADHD, primarily out of concern for the safety of children. "I think it's one thing once the brain is fully formed to expose it to a drug that alters dopamine transmission," he tells WebMD. "I think it's scarier when the brain is somewhat unformed and when the kid is learning those early lessons of life about reward and punishment and pleasure and pain. If you alter the chemistry of rewards during that extremely early phase, we have no way to test the safety of that in the conventional drug development format that the FDA would require. ... My question is, if you have a thousand kids exposed to a drug that alters the chemistry of reward at age 3, what will those kids' relationships be like at age 40?" New UK Prescribing Guidelines The UK National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) is set to release strict guidelines for the use of the widely used hyperactivity drug, methylphenidate (Ritalin). There are growing concerns by some doctors and the public that it causes depression and lethargy in children and is over-prescribed. The drug could be banned for children under the age of five, according to a recent report in The Guardian. "Right now, Ritalin has had no universal prescriptive guidelines throughout Britain," a NICE spokesperson told Reuters Health. "Some doctors are currently prescribing it for very young children, while others will only give it to children over five." According to a 1998 National Health Service Executive Report by Dr. Anna Gilmore, Ritalin Seems to only be effective in children for six months. After this period of treatment, the benefits of the drug are uncertain, she said. Department of Health figures show 157,900 prescriptions were issued in the UK last year compared to 126,000 prescriptions for Ritalin in 1998, which is about a 25% increase in just 1 year. US Congressional Probe and Pending Legislation The chairman of the US House Judiciary Committee has asked for a government probe of Ritalin abuse in the nation's schools. Rep. Henry J. Hyde also expressed support for legislation requiring states to certify that they have guidelines in place for ensuring against prescription drug abuse on school premises. In a letter to US Comptroller General David Walker, Reps. Hyde and Bill McCollum (R-FL) ask the General Accounting Office to investigate the prevalence of psychostimulant abuse in the elementary and secondary schools. ADHD diagnoses have swelled in recent years, fueling a heated debate over the controversial use of stimulants such as Ritalin. In 1996, 10% to 12% of all American school-age boys were prescribed Ritalin, according to Hyde. MY COMMENT: Psychiatry's problems are just starting. You see, once government appropriations are taken from them along with insurance money, they will cease to exist. They are the hidden cause for the decay of society today. Want to read a few sobering facts about this "profession"? Go to the Citizen's Commission on Human Rights site and read the facts. ADHD can be addressed with the use of diet. Lower the sugar and grains. Good additional reading can be found here.
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