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Hypothyroidism / Hormone Replacement Therapy - The Risks
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Ref 1. The North American Menopause Society 1998 Menopause Survey: Part II. Counseling About Hormone Replacement Therapy: Association With Socioeconomic Status and Access to Medical Care. Ettinger B, Fugate Woods N, Barrett-Connor E, Pressman A. Menopause: The Journal of The North American Menopause Society. Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 143 - 148.
Ref 2. Use of menopausal estrogens and medroxyprogesterone in the United States, 1982-1992. Wysowski DK, Golden L, Burke L. Obstet Gynecol 1995 Jan;85(1):6-10.
Ref 3. Use of hormone replacement therapy by postmenopausal women in the United States. Keating NL, Cleary PD, Rossi AS, Zaslavsky AM, Ayanian JZ.
Ann Intern Med 1999 Apr 6;130(7):545-53.
Ref 4. Use of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: estimates from a nationally representative cohort study. Brett KM, Madans JH. Am J Epidemiol. 1997 Mar 15;145(6):536-45.
Ref 5. Cardioprotective effect of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: is the evidence biased? Posthuma WF, Westendorp RG, Vandenbroucke JP.
BMJ 1994 May 14;308(6939):1268-9.
Ref 6. Early risk of Hormone Therapy in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease. Wenger NK, Knatterud GL, and Canner PL. JAMA, Vol. 284 No. 1, July 5, 2000.
Ref 7. Impact of postmenopausal hormone therapy on cardiovascular events and cancer: pooled data from clinical trials. Hemminki E, et al. BMJ 1997;315:149-153 (19 July).
Ref 8. Value of drug-licensing documents in studying the effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy on cardiovascular disease. Hemminki R, McPherson K. Lancet 2000 Feb 12;355(9203):566-9.
Ref 9. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. Hulley S, et al. JAMA 1998 Aug 19;280(7):605-13.
Ref 10. Hormone Replacement Therapy Study Fact Sheet and WHI HRT Update.
www.mhlbi.nih.gov/whi/hrt.htm and www.mhlbi.nih.gov/whi/hrt-en.htm
Ref 11. http://www.4woman.gov/menopaus.htm
Ref 12. From the AMA Complete Guide to Women's Health.
http://www.ama-assn.org/insight/h_focus/wom_hlth/menopaus/menopaus.htm
Ref 13. Menopause: what to expect when your body is changing "AAFP Family Health Facts" series. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/medlineplus/leavemedplus.pl?theURL=http%3A%2F%2Ffamilydoctor%2Eorg%2Fhealthfacts%2F125%2Findex%2Ehtml
Ref 14. http://www.fda.gov/opacom/lowlit/menopause.html
Ref 15. Postmenopausal hormone therapy increases risk for venous thromboembolic disease. The Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study. Grady D, et al. Ann Intern Med 2000 May 2;132(9):689-96.
Ref 16. Hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism: population based case-control study. Perez Gutthann S, Garcia Rodriguez LA, Castellsague J, Duque Oliart A.BMJ 1997 Mar 15;314(7083):796-800.
Ref 17. Risk of hospital admission for idiopathic venous thromboembolism among users of postmenopausal oestrogens. Jick H; Derby LE; Myers MW; Vasilakis C; Newton KM. Lancet, 348(9033):981-3 1996 Oct 12.
Ref 18. HRT and the risk of deep vein thrombosis. Barlow DH. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 59 Suppl 1():S29-33 1997 Oct.
Ref 19. Prospective study of exogenous hormones and risk of pulmonary embolism in women. Grodstein F, et al. Lancet, 348(9033):983-7 1996 Oct 12.
Ref 20. Menopausal Estrogen and Estrogen-Progestin Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk. Schairer C, et al. JAMA 2000;283:485-491.
Ref 21. Effect of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Breast Cancer Risk: Estrogen
Versus Estrogen Plus Progestin. Ross, RK et al. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Feb 16;92(4):328-332.
Ref 22. Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer. Nested case-control study in a cohort of Swedish women attending mammography screening.
Persson I, Thurfjell E, Bergstrom R, Holmberg L. Int J Cancer 1997 Sep 4;72(5):758-61.
Ref 23. The adverse effects of hormone replacement therapy. Tavani A, La Vecchia C. Drugs Aging 1999 May;14(5):347-57.
Ref 24. Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of epithelial ovarian carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Garg PP, Kerlikowske K, Subak L, Grady D. Obstet Gynecol 1998 Sep;92(3):472-9.
Ref 25. Hormonal therapy for menopause and ovarian cancer in a collaborative re-analysis of European studies. Negri E, et al. Int J Cancer 1999 Mar 15;80(6):848-51.
Ref 26. Estrogen replacement therapy and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer.
Risch HA.Gynecol Oncol 1996 Nov;63(2):254-7.
Ref 27. Hormone replacement therapy and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer.
Purdie DM, et al. Br J Cancer 1999 Oct;81(3):559-63.
Ref 28. Risk of endometrial cancer following estrogen replacement with and without progestins.Weiderpass E, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999 Jul 7;91(13):1131-7.
Ref 29. Risks of breast and endometrial cancer after estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement. Persson I, Weiderpass E, Bergkvist L, Bergstrom R, Schairer C. Cancer Causes Control 1999 Aug;10(4):253-60.
Ref 30. Menopausal hormone use and endometrial cancer, by tumor grade and invasion. Shapiro JA, Weiss NS, Beresford SA, Voigt LF. Epidemiology 1998 Jan;9 (1): 99 -101.
Ref 31. Long-term surveillance of mortality and cancer incidence in women receiving hormone replacement therapy. Hunt K, Vessey M, McPherson K, Coleman M. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1987 Jul;94(7):620-35.
Ref 32. Postmenopausal hormone use and cholecystectomy in a large prospective study. Grodstein F, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ. Obstet Gynecol 1994 Jan;83(1):5-11.
Ref 33. Increased risk of cholecystectomy in users of supplemental estrogen.
Petitti DB, Sidney S, Perlman JA. Gastroenterology 1988 Jan;94(1):91-5.
Ref 34. Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus or discoid lupus. Meier CR; Sturkenboom MC; Cohen AS; Jick H. J Rheumatol, 25(8):1515-9 1998 Aug.
Ref 35. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and the risk for developing systemic lupus erythematosus. Sanchez-Guerrero J, Liang MH, Karlson EW, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA. Ann Intern Med 1995 Mar 15;122(6):430-3.
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