Chemicals and Heavy Metals / Facts About Fluoridation You Did Not Know

References

1) Fluoride: Not an Essential Nutrient:National Research Council (1993). Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride. National Academy Press, Washington DC. See page 30.

2) Arsenic Levels in Fluoridation Chemicals:Hazan, Stan (2000). Letter to Florida Department of Health from Stan Hazan, General Manager, Drinking Water Additives Certification Program, National Sanitation Foundation International. 24 April 2000. http://www.fluoridealert.org/NSF-Letter.pdf

3) Fluoride's Topical Vs. Systemic Effects:

a) Burt, B.A. (1994). Letter. Fluoride, 27, 180-181.
b) Carlos, J.P. (1983). Comments on Fluoride. J.Pedodontics. Winter, 135-136.
c) CDC. (2001). Recommendations for Using Fluoride to Prevent and Control Dental Caries in the United States. Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Review. August 17, 50(RR14):1-42.
d) CDC (1999). Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999: Fluoridation of Drinking Water to Prevent Dental Caries. Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Review (MMWR), 48(41);933-940 October 22, 1999. http://www.cdc.gov/epo/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841a1.htm
e) Featherstone, J.D.B. (1987) The Mechanism of dental decay. Nutrition Today, May/June, 10.
f) Featherstone J.D.B. (1999) Prevention and reversal of dental caries: role of low level fluoride. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 27:31-40.
g) Featherstone, J.D.B. (2000). The Science and Practice of Caries Prevention. Journal of the American Dental Association. 131, 887-899.
g) Fejerskov, O. et al (1981) Rational use of fluorides in caries prevention. Acta. Odontol. Scand., 241-249.
h) Levine, R.S., (1976). The action of fluoride in caries prevention: a review of current concepts. Brit. Dent. J. 140, 9-14.
i) Locker, D. (1999). Benefits and Risks of Water Fluoridation. An Update of the 1996 Federal-Provincial Sub-committee Report. Prepared for Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care.
j) Limeback, H. (1999). A re-examination of the pre-eruptive and post-eruptive mechanism of the anti-caries effects of fluoride: is there any caries benefit from swallowing fluoride? Community. Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 27, 62-71.
k) Margolis, H.C. and Moreno, E.C. (1990). Physicochemical Perspectives on the Cariostatic Mechanisms of Systemic and Topical Fluorides. J. Dent. Res 69 (Special Issue) 606-613.

4) Fluoride Never Approved as Safe & Effective by FDA:
Kelly, J.V. (2000). Letter to Senator Robert Smith, Chairman of Environment and Public Works Committe, U.S. Senate, August 14, 2000. (for text see http://www.fluoridealert.org/f-supplements.htm)

5) Fluoride Ineffective at Preventing Pit & Fissure Decay:

a) Dental study upsets the accepted wisdom. Science News. Vol. 125, No. 1. Jan.7, 1984.
b) Gray, AS. (1987). Fluoridation: Time For A New Base Line? Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. No. 10.
c) Loe, H. (1984). Hearings: Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives. Dr. Harald Loe, Director of the National Institute of Dental Research.
d) Journal of the American Dental Association. (1984). Preserving the perfect tooth. Editorial. Vol. 108.
e) Pinkham, JR, ed. (1999). Pediatric Dentistry Infancy Through Adolescence. 3rd Edition. WB Saunders Co.
f) Public Health Reports. (1993). Toward Improving the Oral Health of Americans. Vol. 108, No. 6. Nov. - Dec.

6) Cavities Declining throughout Western Industrialized World, Irrespective of Fluoridation:

a) Colquhoun, J (1997) Why I changed my mind about Fluoridation. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 41, 29-44. http://www.fluoride-journal.com/98-31-2/312103.htm
b) Diesendorf, M.(1986). The Mystery of Declining Tooth Decay. Nature, 322, 125-129.
c) WHO (Online). WHO Oral Health Country/Area Profile Programme. Department of Noncommunicable Diseases Surveillance/Oral Health. WHO Collaborating Centre, Malmö University, Sweden. http://www.whocollab.od.mah.se/euro.html

7) NIDR's National Survey on Dental Health (Largest Dental Survey Ever Conducted in US):

a) Brunelle, J.A. and Carlos, J.P. (1990). Recent trends in dental caries in U.S. children and the effect of water fluoridation. J. Dent. Res 69, (Special edition), 723-727. (Read correspondence on this study).
b) Hileman, B. (1989). New Studies Cast Doubt on Fluoridation Benefits. Chemical and Engineering News, 67 (19) May 8. http://www.fluoridealert.org/NIDR.htm
c) Yiamouyiannis, J.A. (1990). Water Fluoridation and Tooth decay: Results from the 1986-87 National Survey of U.S. Schoolchildren. Fluoride, 23, 55-67. http://www.fluoridealert.org/DMFTs.htm

8) Fluoridation Cessation Studies:

a) Burt BA, Keels MA, Heller KE. (2000). The effects of a break in water fluoridation on the development of dental caries and fluorosis.J Dent Res Feb;79(2):761-9.
b) Kunzel, W., Fischer, T., Lorenz R., Bruhmann, S. (2000). Decline in caries prevalence after the cessation of water fluoridation in former East Germany. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 28(5): 382-389.
c) Kunzel, W. and T. Fischer (2000). Caries prevalence after cessation of water fluoridation in La Salud, Cuba. Caries Res 34(1): 20-5.
d) Maupome, G. et al. (2001). Patterns of dental caries following the cessation of water fluoridation. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 29(1): 37-47.
e) Seppa, L., Karkkaimen, S. and Hausen, H. (2000) Caries trends 1992-98 in two low-fluoride Finnish towns formerly with and without fluoride. Caries Res 34(6): 462-8.

9) Fluoridation doesn't Prevent Baby Bottle Tooth Decay:

a) Barnes GP et al. Ethnicity, Location, Age, and Fluoridation Factors in Baby Bottle Tooth Decay and Caries Prevalence of Head Start Children. Public Health Reports; 107: 167-73, 1992.
b) Von Burg MM et al. Baby Bottle Tooth Decay: A Concern for All Mothers. Pediatric Nursing; 21:515-519, 1995.

10) Lack of Dentists Accepting Medicaid Patients:

Guiden, M. (1990). Dental Health for kids moves to the forefront. State Health Notes 19(280). Forum for State Health Policy Leadership, National Conference of State Legislatures. July 6. (Cited in: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (U.S. DHHS) (2000). Oral health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health. http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/sgr/execsumm.htm)

11) Fluoride Acute Toxicity Data:

a) Hodge, H.C. and Smith, F.A. (1965). Fluorine Chemistry Vol. IV. Academic Press, New York.
b) Gleason, M.N., Gosselin, R.E., Hodge, H.C., & Smith, R.P. (1969). Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 3rd Ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
c) Physicians Desk Reference (1995). Pedia-flor Drops. pp. 2114.

12) Nutritional Deficiences Exacerbate Fluoride's Toxicity:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (1993). Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine (F). U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service. ATSDR/TP-91/17.

13) Total Fluoride Exposure on the Increase:

a) Environmental Fluoride (1977) National Research Council of Canada (NRCC No.16081) Associate Committee On Scientific Criteria For Environmental Quality.
b) DHHS (1991). Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks, Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Fluoride of the Committee to Coordinate Environmental Health and Related Programs. Department of Health and Human Services, USA.

14) 29.1% of US Children in Fluoridated Areas have Dental Fluorosis on 2 teeth:
Heller KE et al (1997). Dental Caries and Dental Fluorosis at Varying Water Fluoride Concentrations. J of Pub Health Dent, 57;No. 3, 136-143.

15) An Average of 50% of all Fluoride Ingested Accumulates in the Body
National Research Council (1993). Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride. National Academy Press, Washington DC. See page 131.

16) UNICEF's Report on Fluoride:

UNICEF Water, Environment & Sanitation. Fluoride in water: An overview. Waterfront December 1999 http://www.unicef.org/programme/wes/info/fluor.htm

17) Chemical & Engineering News Review of Fluoridation:

Hileman, B. (1988). Fluoridation of water. Questions about health risks and benefits remain after more than 40 years. Chemical and Engineering News. August 1, 1988, 26-42. http://www.fluoridealert.org/hileman.htm

18) Clinical Trials Examining the Effectiveness of Fluoride Therapy for the treatment of Osteoporosis:

a) Hedlund LR, Gallagher JC. (1989). Increased incidence of hip fracture in osteoporotic women treated with sodium fluoride. J Bone Miner Res Apr;4(2):223-5.
b) Riggs, B.L. et al (1990). Effect of Fluoride treatment on the Fracture Rates in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis. N. Eng. J. Med., 322, 802-809.

19) New England Journal of Medicine Editorial Discussing Fluoride & Bone:
Lindsay, R. (1990). Fluoride and Bone - Quantity Versus Quality. Editorial. New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 322. No. 12. March 22.

20) Water Fluoride/Hip Fracture Studies:

a) Cauley, J., P. Murphy, et al. (1995). "Effects of fluoridated drinking water on bone mass and fractures: the study of osteoporotic fractures." J Bone Min Res 10(7): 1076-86.
b) Cooper, C., C. Wickham, et al. (1991). "Water fluoridation and hip fracture." JAMA 266: 513-514 (letter, a reanalysis of data presented in 1990 paper).
c) Cooper, C., C. Wickham, et al. (1990). "Water fluoride concentration and fracture of the proximal femur." J Epidemiol Community Health 44: 17-19.
d) Danielson, C., J. L. Lyon, et al. (1992). "Hip fractures and fluoridation in Utah's elderly population." Journal of the American Medical Association 268(6): 746-748.
e) Feskanich D., et al. (1998). Use of toenail fluoride levels as an indicator for the risk of hip and forearm fractures in women. Epidemiology 9(4): 412-6.
f) Hegmann, K.T. et al (2000) the Effects of Fluoridation on Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) and Hip Fractures.Abstract #71, of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Society For Epidemiological research, June 15-17, 2000. Published in a Supplement of Am. J. Epid.
g) Hillier, S., C. Copper, et al. (2000). "Fluoride in drinking water and risk of hip fracture in the UK: a case control study." The Lancet 335: 265-269.
h) Jacobsen, S., J. Goldberg, et al. (1992). "The association between water fluoridation and hip fracture among white women and men aged 65 years and older; a national ecologic study." Annals of Epidemiology 2: 617-626.
i) Jacobsen, S., J. Goldberg, et al. (1990). "Regional variation in the incidence of hip fracture: US white women aged 65 years and olders." J Am Med Assoc 264(4): 500-2.
j) Jacobsen, S.J. et al (1993). Hip Fracture Incidence Before and After the Fluoridation of the Public Water Supply, Rochester, Minnesota. American Journal of Public Health, 83, 743-745.
k) Jacqmin-Gadda, H. (1995). "Fluorine concentration in drinking water and fractures in the elderly." JAMA 273: 775-776 (letter).
l) Jacqmin-Gadda, H., A. Fourrier, et al. (1998). "Risk factors for fractures in the elderly." Epidemiology 9(4): 417-423. (An elaboration of the 1995 study referred to in the JAMA letter).
m) Karagas,M.R. et al (1996). "Patterns of Fracture among the United States Elderly: Geographic and Fluoride Effects". Ann. Epidemiol. 6 (3), 209-216.
n) Keller, C. (1991) Fluorides in drinking water. Unpublished results. Discussed in Gordon, S.L. and Corbin, S.B,(1992) Summary of Workshop on Drinking Water Fluoride Influence on Hip Fracture on Bone Health. Osteoporosis Int. 2, 109-117.
o) Kurttio, P., N. Gustavsson, et al. (1999). "Exposure to natural fluoride in well water and hip fracture: A cohort analysis in Finland." American Journal of Epidemiology 150(8): 817-824.
p) Lehmann R. et al (1998). Drinking Water Fluoridation: Bone Mineral Density and Hip Fracture Incidence. Bone, 22, 273-278.
q) Li Y, et al. (2001). Effect of long-term exposure to fluoride in drinking water on risks of bone fractures. J Bone Miner Res.16(5):932-9.
r) May, D.S. and Wilson, M.G. Hip fractures in relation to water fluoridation: an ecologic analysis. Unpublished data, discussed in Gordon, S.L. and Corbin S.B.,(1992), Summary of Workshop on Drinking Water Fluoride Inflruenbce on Hip Fracture on Bone Health. Osteoporosis Int. 2, 109-117.
s) Phipps, K. R. (2000). Community water fluoridation, bone mineral density and fractures: prospective study of effects in older women. British Medical Journal, 321: 860-4.
t) Sowers, M., M. Clark, et al. (1991). "A prospective study of bone mineral content and fracture in communities with differential fluoride exposure." American Journal of Epidemiology 133: 649-660.
u) Suarez-Almazor, M., G. Flowerdew, et al. (1993). "The fluoridation of drinking water and hip fracture hospitalization rates in two Canadian communities." Am J Public Health 83: 689-693.

21) Neurotoxic Effects of Sodium Fluoride:

Mullenix, P. et al (1995).Neurotoxicity of Sodium Fluoride in Rats Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 17, 169-177.

22) Chinese Studies Concerning Relationship between Fluoride & Decreased IQ:

a) Li, X.S., (1995). Effect of Fluoride Exposure on Intelligence in Children. Fluoride, 28:4, 189-192
b) Li Y, Li X, Wei S. (1994). [Effect of excessive fluoride intake on mental work capacity of children and a preliminary study of its mechanism] Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao Jun;25(2):188-91.
c) Lin Fa-Fu; et al (1991). The relationship of a low-iodine and high-fluoride environment to subclinical cretinism in Xinjiang. Iodine Deficiency Disorder Newsletter. Vol. 7. No. 3.
d) Lu, Y. et al (2000). Effect of high-fluoride water on intelligence of children. Fluoride, 33, 74-78.
e) Zhao, L.B. et al (1996). Effect of high-fluoride water supply on children's intelligence. Fluoride, 29, 190-192.

23) Fluoride & Pineal Gland:

a) Luke, J. (1997). The Effect of Fluoride on the Physiology of the Pineal Gland. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Surrey, Guildord.
b) Luke, J. (2001). Fluoride Deposition in the Aged Human Pineal Gland. Caries Res. 35:125-128.

24) European Doctors Used Fluoride to Treat Hyperthyroidism:

a) Stecher, P, et al. (1960). The Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs. Merck & Co., Inc, Rathway NJ.
b) Waldbott, G.L., Burgstahler, A.W. and McKinney, H.L. Fluoridation: The Great Dilemma. Coronado Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas, 1978.

25) US Government Data on Total Fluoride Intake (1.6-6.6 mg/day) in Fluoridated Communities:

DHHS (1991). Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks, Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Fluoride of the Committee to Coordinate Environmental Health and Related Programs. Department of Health and Human Services, USA.

26) Study Discussing Dosage of Fluoride (2.3-4.5 mg/day) Found to Depress Thyroid Gland:

Galletti, P. & Joyet, G. (1958). Effect of Fluorine on Thyroidal Iodine Metabolism in Hyperthyroidism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology; 18:1102-1110 http://www.fluoridealert.org/galletti.htm

27) Brain Research Study Reporting that Fluoride Administers the Uptake of Aluminum into the Brain:

Varner, J.A. et al (1998). "Chronic Administration of Aluminum-Fluoride and Sodium-Fluoride to Rats in Drinking Water: Alterations in Neuronal and Cerebrovascular Integrity" Brain Research, 784, 284-298.

28) Epidemiological Studies Reporting Association Between Fluoridated Water and Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children:

Masters, R. et al. (2000). Association of Silicofluoride Treated Water with Elevated Blood Lead. Neurotoxicology. 21:6, 1091-1099.

29) Another Epidemiological Study Reporting Association Between Fluoridated Water and Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children:

Masters, R.D. and Coplan, M. (1999). "Water treatment with Silicofluorides and Lead Toxicity" International Journal of Environmental Studies. September.

30) Fluoride is a Mutagen:

Department of Health and Human Services (1991). Review of fluoride benefits and risks. Appendix H. H1-H6.

31) EPA's Dr. William Marcus Discussing his Objections to the NTP's Downgrading of the Tumors:

a) Marcus, W. (1990). Memorandum from Dr. William Marcus,to Alan B. Hais, Acting Director Criteria & Standards Division ODW, US EPA, DATED MAY 1, 1990, and subsequent memos. These can be viewed on the web at http://www.fluoridealert.org/marcus.htm
b) 30) Marcus, W. (1995). Radio Interview with Dr. Gary Null. March 10.See www.fluoridealert.org/ifin-19.htm

32) Study Finding Decreased Female Fertility in Areas with Elevated Fluoride in the Water:

Freni SC. (1994). Exposure to high fluoride concentrations in drinking water is associated with decreased birth rates. J Toxicology and Environmental Health 42:109-121.

33) Statement from EPA Headquarters Union on Why they Oppose Fluoridation:
Hirzy, J.W. (1999). Why the EPA's Headquarters Union of Scientists Opposes Fluoridation. Press release from National Treasury Employees Union, May 1, 1999. (for text see http://www.fluoridealert.org/HP-Epa.htm )