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The Immune System / The Spleen
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The spleen is similar in structure to a large lymph node. It has, however, special features not seen in the lymph nodes. It is a vascular organ, having a large arterial blood supply. On entering the spleen, the blood flow enters a meshwork of dilated blood vessels, or "sinuses", which lie between large masses of lymphocytes. The walls of the sinuses contain phagocytes that are capable of engulfing dead cells and foreign particles in the blood and removing them from the general circulation Like the lymph nodes, the spleen is an important source of antibodies, however, to a greater extent than the lymph nodes, the spleen is concerned with the removal of abnormal or normally worn out ("dying") red blood cells from the circulation by destroying them.
 The spleen is encased in a thick connective-tissue capsule. Inside, the mass of splenic tissue is of two types, the red pulp and the white pulp, which do not separate into regions but intermingle and are distributed throughout the spleen. The white pulp is lymphoid tissue that usually surrounds splenic blood vessels. The red pulp is a network of channels (sinuses) filled with blood, and it is in the red pulp that most of the filtration occurs.
The white pulp of the spleen contains such typical lymphoid elements as plasma cells, lymphocytes, and lymphatic nodules, called follicles in the spleen. Like the lymph nodes, it reacts to microorganisms and other antigens that reach the bloodstream. Phagocytic cells in both red and white pulp serve to remove foreign material from the blood and initiate an immune reaction that results in the production of antibodies. Germinal centers in the white pulp are sites of lymphocyte production.
The red pulp has a specialized role in addition to filtration. It is the body's major site of the destruction of red blood cells, which normally have a life span of only 120 days. Degenerate red cells are removed from the circulation in the spleen, and the hemoglobin that they contain is degraded to a readily excretable pigment and an iron molecule that is recycled; i.e., used to produce new hemoglobin elsewhere.
In some species the spleen also acts as a reservoir for blood during periods of inactivity. When such an animal is aroused for defense or flight, the capsule of the spleen contracts, forcing additional blood reserves into the circulation. The human spleen probably does not have this capability.
The following reflexes are often active when testing a malfunctioning spleen:
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